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Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function Sections 7-1 and 7-2 Life is Cellular and Eukaryotic Cell Structure Name ______________________ Period _________ California State standard covered within this chapter: Cell Biology 1. The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions that occur in specialized areas of the organism's cells. As a basis for understanding this concept: a. Students know cells are enclosed within selectively permeable membranes that regulate their interaction with their surroundings. c. Students know how prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells (including those from plants and animals), and viruses differ in complexity and general structure. e. Students know the role of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in the secretion of proteins. f. Students know usable energy is captured from sunlight by chloroplasts and is stored through the synthesis of sugar from carbon dioxide. g. Students know the role of the mitochondria in making stored chemical-bond energy available to cells by completing the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide. *j. Students know how eukaryotic cells are given shape and internal organization by a cytoskeleton or cell wall or both. Read the appropriate section in the textbook before answering the following questions. You must put all answers and definitions in your own words for full credit. Section 7-1 Life is Cellular 1. Describe the three principles of the cell theory. 2. Describe how a light microscope works. (revisit Ch. 1) 3. Describe how an electron microscope (EM) works. 4. What is the difference between a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM)? Two Major Categories of Cells 5. How do prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells differ? (Must have at least 2 differences discussed) J. Haut. Biology, 2009 6. What structures do all cells have? 7. Identify the labeled structures of the prokaryotic cell below and describe their function. (see Ch. 19 and lecture notes) Structure Function a. capsule helps to protect bacteria; allows bacteria to adhere to surfaces and other cells b. c. d. e. f. g. Section 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure 8. Identify the labeled structures of the following animal cell and describe their function. Structure Function b a. a c d l b. k e j c. i d. f g h e. Structure Function Structure f. j. g. k. lysosome h. transport vesicle i. Transports products from rough ER to cell membrane to be released from cell; used to take in materials from outside l. Function 9. What is chromatin and where in the cell is it found? 10. Describe the synthesis, packaging, and release of a secretory protein by the rough ER. 11. Identify the labeled structures of the following plant cell. Structure a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. cytoskeleton (microfilaments) i. j. k. m. Golgi vesicle l. n. 12. Plant cells have many of the same organelles as animal cells; however, they have some organelles animal cells do not have. Describe the function of these plant organelles. a. Central vacuole: b. Cell wall (p. 183): c. Chloroplast: d. Plasmodesmata (channels between cells): 13. What is the function of a contractile vacuole? 14. What does photosynthesis accomplish? 15. What is cellular respiration? 16. What general function do the chloroplast and mitochondria have in common? How are their functions different? 17. The endosymbiosis theory explains that mitochondria and chloroplasts once existed as separate prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by larger prokaryotic cells. Over time the two formed a symbiotic (mutually beneficial) relationship. (see p. 427) What evidence supports the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from free-floating prokaryotes? a. b. 18. cytoskeleton: 19. Describe the components of the cell’s cytoskeleton. How could each be used in the cell? a. Microfilaments: b. Microtubules: 20. In some eukaryotic cells, specialized microtubules are used to control the movement of cilia and flagella. Describe the functional difference between cilia and flagella. Review the nucleus and the various structures that make up the endomembrane system by matching each of the phrases on the right with a structure from the list on the left. Answers may be used more than once. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. nucleus transport vesicle central vacuole smooth ER lysosome Golgi apparatus rough ER ribosome ____ 21. lipids manufactured here ____ 22. small structures that are the site of protein synthesis ____ 23. contains chromatin ____ 24. sac of enzymes that digest things ____ 25. carries secretions for export from cell ____ 26. breaks down drugs and toxins in liver ____ 27. makes cell membranes ____ 28. cell control center ____ 29. numerous ribosomes give it its name ____ 30. “ships” products to plasma membrane, outside, or other organelles ____ 31. may store water, needed chemicals, wastes, pigments in plant cell ____ 32. buds off from Golgi apparatus ____ 33. proteins made here for secretion from cell ____ 34. nonmembranous organelle ____ 35. takes in transport vesicles from ER and modifies their contents ____ 36. digests food, wastes, foreign substances ____ 37. surrounded by double layer of membrane with pores ____ 38. how proteins, other substances get from ER to Golgi apparatus