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Transcript
CELL THEORY CELL SIZE Cells 1. All living things are made of _____________. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism (= basic unit of __________) life existing 3. New cells are produced from _________________ cells PLANT ANIMAL cells > _____________ BACTERIA ___________ cells > _________ CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE) phospholipids proteins Made mainly of ____________________ and _________________ HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as out & LIPID ________________ with POLAR heads facing _______ BILAYER NON-POLAR tails facing ________ in MEMBRANE PROTEINS PERIPHERAL •____________________stick on inside or outside surface •____________________go part way or all the way through INTEGRAL GLYCOPROTEINS - recognize “self” • _________________ TRANSPORT • _______________ PROTEINS- move molecules across membrane FUNCTION: SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE Membranes are _________________________________ (=Semi-permeable) Allow certain molecules to pass through; but keep others out CONTROLS what enters & leaves cell ___________ HOMEOSTASIS Helps with _________________ cytoplasm __________________ = gel-like material + organelles between nucleus and cell membrane NUCLEUS NUCLEOLUS Surrounded by ______________ DOUBLE MEMBRANE called the NUCLEAR __________________ ENVELOPE ___________ CONTROLCENTER OF CELL Nuclear ___________ PORES allow molecules in & out CONTAINS CELL’S GENETIC MATERIAL (_______) DNA Dark spot = NUCLEOLUS makes ___________________ (RNA) RIBOSOMES CHROMOSOMES DNA is scrunched up as ______________ in dividing cells. CHROMATIN DNA is spread out as ________________ in non-dividing cells. CYTOSKELETON Made of PROTEINS called ______________ MICROTUBULES& _________________ MICROFILAMENTS cell maintain shape; FUNCTION: Helps _________________________ Support; Helps in movement ___________________________________ CENTRIOLES MICROTUBULES Made of __________________________ ANIMAL Only seen in _______________ cells during cell division Pull chromosomes apart; Function:__________________________________ MITOCHONDRION (pl. MITOCHONDRIA) DOUBLE Surrounded by _____________ membrane Contains its own ___________ DNA Power plant _______________ of cell GLUCOSE Burns ____________ ATP Stores energy released as ______ CRISTAE Folded inner membrane = _________________ (increases surface area for more chemical reactions) RIBOSOMES FREE in cytoplasm or __________ ATTACHED to Rough ER Can be __________________ PROTEINS RNA MADE OF ______________ & ________ MAKE PROTEINS FUNCTION: _____________________ ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM MEMBRANES Internal Network of ___________________ Rough ER: PROTEINS Attached ribosomes make _________________ which are modified and transported to Golgi SMOOTH ER for export ROUGH ER (with ribosomes) (no ribosomes) Smooth ER: STEROIDS Makes membrane lipids (__________________) CALCIUM Regulates ________________ in muscles TOXINS Breaks down _________________ in liver GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY) Looks like a “______________________” stack of pancakes membranes Made of ______________________ FUNCTION: Modify, sort, & package substances storage from ER for ______________ or export _______________ out of cell LYSOSOMES Digestive enzymes Sac containing _________________________ FUNCTION: food molecules & unwanted cells/cell parts; Digests __________________________________ APOPTOSIS Plays a role in ____________“Programmed cell death” Cell suicide for the good of the organism CILIA & FLAGELLA MICROTUBULES Made of PROTEINS called _______________ 9 + 2 organized in a _________ arrangement that help with ___________________ MOVEMENT MANY SHORT CILIA =________ & __________ move cells; FUNCTION: ______________________ move substances past cells ________________________________ FEW & ________ LONG FLAGELLA =______ Move cells FUNCTION: _________________ CELL WALL Cell membrane Found OUTSIDE the ____________________ Provides ____________ & ________________ SUPPORT PROTECTION CELLULOSE ___________________ makes plant cells sturdy PEPTIDOGLYCAN Bacteria have cell walls made of _______________ instead. VACUOLES carbohydrates, Storage space for: Proteins, _______________ water, waste plant Huge in __________cells , animal small in _____________ cells, bacteria Not in _________________ CHLOROPLAST DOUBLE Surrounded by ____________ membrane Has own ________ DNA THYLAKOIDS =membrane sacs inside _____________ Contain CHLOROPHYLL where _______________________ happens PHOTOSYNTHESIS PLANT FOUND ONLY IN _____________ CELLS DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL BACTERIA Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Cell membrane Cell membrane Cell membrane Nuclear membrane Nuclear membrane NO cell wall Cell wall made of CELLULOSE Cell wall made of PEPTIDOGLYCAN Has ribosomes Has ribosomes Has ribosomes DNA in multiple chromosomes DNA in multiple chromosomes DNA is a single circular ring CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON Small vacuoles Really big vacuole NO vacuoles Has lysosomes Has lysosomes NO lysosomes Has centrioles NO centrioles NO centrioles NO chloroplasts Chloroplasts NO chloroplasts SMALLER SMALL SMALLEST NO nuclear membrane