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TEKS 7.12D: Differentiate between structure and function in plant and animal cell organelles, including
cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, chloroplast, and vacuole.
TEKS 7.12E: Compare the functions of a cell to the functions of organisms such as waste removal.
What are organelles?
• A cell is so tiny that you need a
microscope to look at it. Yet inside
each cell there are many smaller
structures called organelles.
• Each organelle carries out specific
functions within a cell. Some break
down food. Others move wastes to
be expelled from the cell. Others
store materials.
1. Infer How are organelles in a cell similar to organs in an organism?
TEKS 7.12D: Differentiate between structure and function in plant and animal cell organelles, including
cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, chloroplast, and vacuole.
TEKS 7.12E: Compare the functions of a cell to the functions of organisms such as waste removal.
What makes up the outside
of a cell?
• Every cell has a cell membrane. The cell membrane controls
what substances pass into and out of the cell.
• Food particles, water, and oxygen can enter through the cell
membrane. Waste products can pass out.
• Plants and some other organisms, but not animals, have a cell
wall. It is a rigid layer that helps protect and support the cell.
Materials such as water and oxygen can pass through it.
2. Recognize What rigid layer surrounds the cells of plants, but not animals?
TEKS 7.12D: Differentiate between structure and function in plant and animal cell organelles, including
cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, chloroplast, and vacuole.
TEKS 7.12E: Compare the functions of a cell to the functions of organisms such as waste removal.
What is the nucleus?
• The nucleus is a cell’s control center, directing all of the cell’s
activities. It is the largest of the cell’s organelles.
• The nuclear envelope surrounds
the nucleus. Its pores allow
materials to pass in and out of
the nucleus.
• Inside the nucleus, thin
strands of chromatin contain
information for directing the cell’s
functions.
• The nucleolus is where
ribosomes are made.
Ribosomes produce proteins.
TEKS 7.12D: Differentiate between structure and function in plant and animal cell organelles, including
cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, chloroplast, and vacuole.
TEKS 7.12E: Compare the functions of a cell to the functions of organisms such as waste removal.
What is in the cytoplasm?
• Cytoplasm is a thick, clear, gel-like fluid that fills the cell. It
holds the cell’s many organelles.
• Mitochondria float in the cytoplasm. They convert energy
stored in food to energy the cell can use to live and function.
•
Vacuoles are often
found in plant cells and
sometimes in animal
cells. They store needed
materials, including food
and water, and may also
store waste products.
(contd.)
TEKS 7.12D: Differentiate between structure and function in plant and animal cell organelles, including
cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, chloroplast, and vacuole.
TEKS 7.12E: Compare the functions of a cell to the functions of organisms such as waste removal.
• Plant cells – but not
animal cells – contain
green structures called
chloroplasts.
• Chloroplasts capture
the energy from
sunlight and change it
to a form of energy that
cells can use in making
food.
3. Recognize Why can’t animal cells use sunlight to make food?
TEKS 7.12D: Differentiate between structure and function in plant and animal cell organelles, including
cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, chloroplast, and vacuole.
TEKS 7.12E: Compare the functions of a cell to the functions of organisms such as waste removal.
Do cells function like organisms?
Cells are living things. They carry out many of the same life
processes as complex organisms. Like organisms, cells carry out
these functions:
•
•
•
•
obtaining food and water.
converting food to a form they can use for energy.
exchanging gases with their environment.
eliminating waste products.
4. Infer How is the cell membrane like your skin?