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BEYOND THE 5 SENSES 19 SENSES??? Science formally acknowledges that human have at least 11 senses and some list 19 or more. • Input receptor which provides information to the brain. • 12 pairs of cranial nerves branching out from the brain assist in this. • Dependent on 6 senses, all which directly have direct connections to the brain. • Others utilize information in a different manner SENSES OF LIVING THINGS • Senses are the physiological methods of perception. • A system that consists of a group of sensory cell types that corresponds to a particular group of regions within the brain where the signals are received and interpreted. • One commonly recognized categorisation for human senses is as follows: chemoreception; photoreception; mechanoreception; thermoception. • It is believed that all human senses fit into one of these four categories. 5 PRIMARY SENSES • • • • • VISION HEARING TASTE TOUCH SMELL SIGHT • Uses visible radiant energy from 380 nm to 750 nm. • Separate senses for color and brightness • Connect to the pineal gland for melatonin and circadian rhythm • 90% of our environmental observations HEARING • Senses loudness and pitch, and rhythm • Mechanical in nature • Infrasound vs ultrasound = 20 vps to 20,000 vps TOUCH • • • • Pressure Shape Temperature Dryness vs wetness • Movement TASTE • • • • • • • • • Dryness Metallicness Temperature Sweet Salty Sour Bitter Umami (savory) Fatty acids? Calcium? SMELL • Hundreds of different receptors in the nasal cavity of which the sense of taste is dependent. KINESTHETIC GEOTROPIC (Equilibrioception or proprioception) • The 6th sense in science is actually thought to be the sense of balance (not extrasensory). • Angular momentum • Linear acceleration • Relative position NOCICEPTION or PAIN SENSATION Pain receptors in skin, joints, bones, and internal organs. Nociceptors are silent receptors and do not sense normal stimuli. Merkel’s receptors. • Uses separate sense receptors from touch. • Chemo pain slow vs thermal or mechanical events are faster. • Sometime hard to determine location i.e. heart attack, sciatica pain REPETITIOUS MOVEMENT • Vestibular or repetitous movement are learned motor of a pattern nature are stored in the premotor cortex – a memory bank for skilled motor activities. TEMPERATURE or THERMOCEPTION • Molecular motion – the greater the heat energy, the higher the temperature. • Skin and hypothalamus (regulated internal body temperature) • Heat = above body temperature and cold below body temperature EIDETIC IMAGERY • Neuroelectrical image retention or photographic memory. MAGNETIC OR MAGNETOCEPTION • Ferromagnetic orientation gives someone a good sense of direction. • Birds, bees, and turtles with humans vary in magnetite deposits in brain INFRARED • Long electromagnetic waves or heat waves which are limited in human. SHORT ELECTORMAGNETIC WAVES • Ultraviolet waves involved in such things as suntan, or sunburns. IONIC • Airborne ionic charges which can affect attitude and accuracy. VOMERONASAL • Pheromonic sensing or the influence of phermones. • Phermones are chemical that triggers a natural behavioral response in another member of the same Pheromonic sensing species. PROXIMAL • Physical closeness or your personal space. ELECTRICAL • Surface charge such as static electricity. • Cell phones, microwaves ovens, and nearby high voltage power lines. BAROMETRIC PRESSURE • Atmospheric pressure and the influence on behavior and pain on joints. GEOGRAVIMETRIC • Sensing mass differences or estimating size. TIME • Circadian rhythms or a sense of time. • Jet lag • Medication can interfere with a sense of time