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DNA, RNA, Mutations
Objective 2: 6a,b,c Biology: DNA, RNA,
Mutation
The student knows the structures and functions of
nucleic acids in the mechanisms of genetics. The
student is expected to:
• (A) describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the
traits of an organism is carried in the DNA;
• (B) explain replication, transcription, and translation using
models of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA);
• (C) identify and illustrate how changes in DNA cause
mutations and evaluate the significance of these
changes
P
D
C
D
T
D
C
G
D
P
P
D
P
G
D
P
D
T
D
P
C
G
D
D
Making a DNA copy of DNA is
replication. Cells need to copyP
their DNA for mitosis (growth,
repair, and maintenance).
Daughter cells are genetically P
identical. DNA is also copied for
meiosis (reproduction).
P
Daughter cells are genetically
different and have ½ the # of
chromosomes.
P
Remember THIS?
DNA is made of building
blocks called nucleotides.
They consist of a
deoxyribose sugar, a
phosphate group and a
nitrogen base. The
bases are adenine,
thymine, guanine, and
cytosine.
Phosphate
group
Deoxyribose
Nitrogen
Base
Phosphate
group
RNA is made of building blocks
called nucleotides. They
consist of a ribose sugar
(instead of a deoxyribose
sugar), a phosphate group and
a nitrogen base. The bases
are adenine, uracil, guanine,
and cytosine.
ribose
Nitrogen
Base
DNA
Sugar: Deoxyribose
Has the base
thymine
RNA
Both have adenine,
guanine, and
cytosine as bases
Both have a
sugar phosphate
backbone.
Sugar: ribose
Has the base
uracil
There are three types of RNA:
mRNA-messenger (transcribes DNA)
tRNA-transfer (translates mRNA)
rRNA-ribosomal (used as a machine for
translation)
REPLICATION :
DNA copies DNA
A
T
G
C
http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAreplication.html
http://nobelprize.org/chemistry/educational/dna/b/replication/dna_c
ompounds.html
TRANSCRIPTION: mRNA copies DNA
A
U
G
C
T
A
http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAtranscription.html
TRANSLATION: mRNA is decoded and a protein
is made from amino acids.
A
U
G
C
http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAtranslation.html
MUTATION: Any change in the DNA
sequence. If it is a point mutation (one
letter is changed), it can change the amino
acid sequence by changing the code.
ATC
Deletion
Point mutation
ATG
Translation
Transcription
DNA
In nucleus
Let’s try it:
mRNA
On ribosome
Protein
ATGTGGCAG
1. Write this DNA base pair sequence on you paper.
2. Write the complementary strand of DNA that would
bond to them.
3. Translate the strand into mRNA.
4. List the amino acids that these codons stand for. Use
the amino acid chart on the next slide.
ATGTGGCAG-
T
A
C
A
C
C
G
T
C
Complementary
strand that
would form in
Replication.
TACACCGTCDNA
Transcription
A
U
G
U
G
G
C
A
G
mRNA
Methionine
Peptide Bonds
Tryptophan
Glutamine
Translation
Amino Acids
ATGCCATTCAATTAACCCTCC
1. Write this DNA base pair sequence on you paper.
2. Write the complementary strand of DNA that
would bond to them.
3. Translate the strand into mRNA.
4. List the amino acids that these codons stand
for.
DNA
ATG CCA TTC AAT TAA CCC TCC
Original
Strand
DNA
TAC GGT AAG TTA ATT GGG AGG
Replicated
Strand
mRNA
AUG CCA UUC AAU UAA CCC TCC
Amino
Acids
Met
Pro
Phen Asp
Stop
DNA Simulation
http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAanatomy.html
Interactive DNA Workshop
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/dna/inde
x.html