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Lesson 1 Cells and Reproduction Lesson Starter- Using a microscope Why do scientists use microscopes? They make images appear larger than they actually are. Microscope Learning Intention: o I can accurately and safely use a microscope to look at cells Success Criteria: Name the different parts of a microscope Use a microscope to magnify objects on microscope slides o Know what magnification you are using in the microscope. o o Lesson Starter 1. 2. 3. What piece of equipment do scientists use to look at cells? Why do they have to use this piece of equipment? Name as many parts of the piece of equipment as possible The Microscope Lets name all the Parts!! Eyepiece Objective lenses Fine focus Handle Clip Stage Rough focus Light The Microscope – What the parts do? Eyepiece To look at the specimen Further Turret magnifies the Objective specimen lenses Holds the slide Clip The slide is Stage placed here To illuminate the Light specimen Fine focus Makes the image sharp Handle To carry the microscope Rough focus To get a clear image Using the Microscope •Adjust the light to get a nice bright “Field of View”. •Clip the slide on the stage. •Swing the low power lens into position. •Bring the stage up close to the objective lens with the rough focus. •Looking into the eyepiece, adjust the focus by moving the stage slowly downwards. •Achieve a perfect image using the fine focus. •If you move up in magnification, you may have to re-focus. Microscope drawings must have: Heading o Pencil drawing of what YOU see o Magnification o Date o Slide #1: Paper hanky (prepared 22/01/07) Magnification: x100 Lesson Starter 1. 2. When making drawings of slides under the microscope what must you include? If the eyepiece lens is x10 magnification and the objective lens is x40 magnification. What is the total magnification? Complete the table to identify what the function of each part is: Part of the microscope Eye piece lens Objective lenses Stage Stage clips Rough/ fine focus Function Part of the microscope Eye piece lens Function Objective lenses Magnifies the slide x10 Increases the size of the object x4, x10, x40 Stage Contains the slide to be viewed Stage clips Holds the slide in place Allows the specimen to be viewed in fine detail Rough/ fine focus Magnification You can change the magnification by using other lenses. For example Eyepiece magnification = x10 Objective Lens magnification = x5 Total magnification = 5 x 10 = x50 Magnification calculations Magnification: How many times bigger the image appears. Magnification Calculation Total Eyepiece Objective magnification = power x lens power Low power Medium power High power Magnification Low power Name of slide: _____? Date: _____? Magnification: _____? Medium power Name of slide: _____? Date: _____? Magnification: _____? Magnification calculations Use the formula to complete the table. Power Low Objective Eyepiece lens Total magnification magnification magnification X10 x4 Medium High X10 x10 X100 X400 Estimating cell size Question: What happens to the field of view as the magnification increases? Low Power Medium power High power 20mm 10mm 5mm Estimating cell size Calculating cell size from the field of view Count the number of cells across the diameter of the field of view. Divide the number of cells by the width of the field of view. Lesson Starter- Estimating cell size Question: The diameter of the field of view is 20mm The number of cells across the field of view is 4 Estimate the size of one cell 20mm Answer: If 4 cells measure 20mm. => one cell = 20/4 = 5mm Learning intentions Learn to prepare a microscope slide Success Criteria Successfully prepare the slide. Successfully set up the microscope and view the slide. Successfully focus the microscope and examine the cells. Preparing an onion slide 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Collect your microscope, light, slide, cover slip, onion and iodine. Place a small piece of onion onto the middle of your slide. Add a small drop of iodine on top of the onion. This helps to stain the cell’s structures. Cover the piece of onion with a cover slip. Look at your slide under the microscope. Onion cells under the microscope What can you see? Make a drawing of what you see in pencil. Make sure you add in all the different features! A Typical Plant Cell vacuole nucleus cell membrane cell wall green chloroplast cytoplasm Lesson starter- Label the Parts of the Microscope Stage Base A Eyepiece Lens Focus control D Objective Lens mirror C Objective Lens control B Handle Lesson Starter 1. 2. If you are using a microscope to view cells and you have set the objective lens to x350. What would the total magnification be? Name the 6 cell structures found in plant cells Learning intentions Learn to prepare a microscope slide of an animal cell. Success Criteria I can successfully prepare the slide. I can successfully focus the microscope and view the animal cell (cheek cells) Preparing a cheek slide 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Collect your microscope, light, slide, cover slip, cotton bud and eosin stain. Firmly rub the cotton bud on the inside of your cheek. Take the bud gently sweep it onto the slide. Add a small drop of eosin on top of the cheek cells. Cover the cheek cells with a cover slip. Look at your slide under the microscope. Cheek cells under the microscope What can you see? Make a drawing of what you see in pencil. Make sure you add in all the different features! Learning intentions Learn to prepare a microscope slide of an animal cell. Success Criteria I can successfully prepare the slide. I can successfully focus the microscope and view the animal cell (cheek cells) Cells Cells What you should know: State that cells are the basic units of life Understand the difference between unicells and multi cells Identify the structures in a plant and animal cell. Experimental activity: Using a microscope Lesson Starter 1. 2. 3. Draw an animal cell and label the features What extra three structures are found in a plant cell? Can you describe the functions of any of these features What are cells? Cells are the basic unit of life. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells Cells are very small Unicellular organisms 1. Unicellular organisms A living thing made of only ONE cell Examples: Protozoa, bacteria and some algae Multicellular Organisms Multicellular organism: Living thing made up of more than one cell Examples: Animals, Plants Humans (have over 10 trillion cells) Cells Lesson Starter- animal cell Cell membrane nucleus Cytoplasm Lesson Starter- plant cell vacuole nucleus chloroplasts Cell membrane Cell wall cytoplasm Cell1-6 Plant Cell Name Animal structures Nucleus Chloroplast 1._____________________ 4._________________________ Cytoplasm Vacuole 2._____________________ 5._________________________ 3._____________________ 6._________________________ Cell membrane Cell wall Common cell structures: Summary of plants and animal cells Plant and animal cells both have Only plant cells have Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane Chloroplast Vacuole Cell wall Cells Most cells are transparent. To see the detailed structure of a cell it must be stained and viewed under a microscope. Stain for an animal cell Stain for a plant cell Eosin stain Iodine solution Animal cell: Made of 3 parts Cell part Structure & Function Thin flexible membrane Cell surrounding a cell. Controls membrane entry and exit of materials. Cytoplasm Transparent material inside the cell. Site of biochemical reactions in the cell. Nucleus Structure that contains chromosomes. Controls the cell activities. Animal cell structures Name Function Cell membrane Controls which substances can enter and leave the cell Cytoplasm Site of biochemical reactions Nucleus Controls all cell activities Plant cell: Made of 6 parts Cell part Structure & Function Thin flexible membrane Cell surrounding cell. Controls membrane entry and exit of materials. Nucleus Cytoplasm Vacuole Chloroplast Cell wall Structure that contains chromosomes. Controls cell activities. Transparent material inside the cell. Site of biochemical reactions in the cell. Supports the plant cell. Contains water, sugar & salts Green disc structure containing chlorophyll. Site of photosynthesis. Slightly flexible boundary that maintains cell shape. Plant cell structures Name Function Cell Wall Gives cell its rigid shape and supports the cell Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis. Contains chlorophyll (green pigment which helps the plant make its own food) Vacuole Contains cell sap (sugars and salts) Cell membrane Controls which substances can enter and leave the cell Cytoplasm Site of biochemical reactions Nucleus Controls all cell activities Identifying cells Animal cell OR Plant cell ? Egg cell Identifying cells Animal cell OR Plant cell ? Plant cells Identifying cells Animal cell OR Plant cell ? Nerve cell Identifying cells Animal cell OR Plant cell ? Epithelial Cell from an onion Identifying cells Animal cell OR Plant cell ? Red blood cell Plant or Animal Cell? Animal cell OR Plant cell ? Plant cell Identifying cells Animal cell OR Plant cell ? Sperm cell Animal cells Plant Cells Lesson Starter- Identifying cells Animal cell OR Plant cell ? Specialised cells for special jobs Animal and plant cells have the same basic structures but have different shapes to allow them to specialise for different jobs. Cell type Diagram Nerve Sperm Egg Root Structure/ Function Special Cells for Special Jobs Red blood cells carry oxygen round the body. White cells fight diseases in the body. Muscle cells Different muscle cells have different jobs to do in the body Nerve cells The long thin fibres carry messages from one part of the body to another Special cells for special jobs Male sex cells (sperm) have a streamlined shape This helps them swim to female egg to fertilise it Special cells for special jobs Female sex cell (egg) The egg cell is larger than the sperm because it contains a food store, needed for energy should the egg be fertilised by a sperm. Special cells for special jobs Root cell Hairs to increase the surface area for water uptake Cell type Diagram Structure/ Function Nerve Long, thin fibres to carry messages from one part of the body to another Sperm Streamlined shape and a tail to help them to swim to the egg cell Egg Large cell, containing a food source for energy Root Hairs to increase the surface area for water uptake Special Cells for Special Jobs • Use Starting Science Book 1 P76 •Choose three cells, draw each of them and say how each is suited to the job it does. A Tissue Where we have a group of similar cells all working together, we call this a tissue Finally….Organising cells Complex Organism System Simple All the systems working together as a coordinated living unit A group of organs cooperating to a common purpose Organ Different tissues working together Tissue Cells of the same type grouped together Cell The basic unit of life