Download MICROSCOPE/CELLS

MICROSCOPE/CELLS
I. Microscope
A. Parts
1. Eyepiece – part you look
through; 10x
2. Coarse Adj. – focuses; moves
stage up & down
3. Fine Adj. – focuses clearly
4. arm – supports lenses
5. base – supports microscope
6. stage – supports slide
7. stage clips – holds slide in place
8. low power – 10x (x 10) = 100x
9. high power – 40x (x 10) = 400x
10. diaphragm – controls amt. entering lt.
11. light source – sends light thru slide
B. Care – use 2 hands, set scope away from
edge, start on low power using only c.a. 1st &
then f.a., then high power (f.a. only), keep
clean, turn off light
C. Calc. Mag. – eyepiece x power
Using a Microscope
II. Characteristics of Living
Things
A. Cells
B. Organized
C. Use energy (cell respiration) for
growth & Maintenance
D. Respond to Stimuli
E. Growth – cells enlarge & divide
F. Reproduce – asexual (1 parent  2
identical offspring) or sexual (2 parents
 1 different offspring
G. Adapt – adjust to environment
III. Cells: cytology – study of
cells
A. History
1. Hooke – coined the term
“cell”
2. Schleiden & Schwann – cell theory:
all living things, except for viruses,
are made of cells
B. Types
1. Prokaryotic – w/o distinct cell parts;
ex. Bacteria
2. Eukaryotic – w/ distinct cell parts;
ex. Plants & animals
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
C. Structures
Parts visible w/light microscope
1. Cell membrane – “semi-permeable”
– lets some things in & out; B
2. Cytoplasm – cell fluid; B
3. Nucleus – control center; B
a. nuclear membrane
b. nucleoplasm
c. nucleolus – makes ribosomes
d. chromosomes – genetic
material; made of DNA
4. Cell Wall – outer wall of plant; made
of cellulose (fiber); P
5. Chloroplasts – site of
photosynthesis; P
6. Amyloplasts – store starch (some P);
Chromoplasts – store colored
pigments to help absorb energy –
involved in colorful fall foliage
Cell Organelles visible w/micro.
7. Mitochondria – “powerhouse of the cell”;
site of cell respiration; B
Rxn: C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O +
energy (stored as ATP)
8. Endoplasmic reticulum (e.r.) –
“transport system”; B
9. Ribosomes – proteins made here; B
10. Golgi body – “Go-between”;
packages & transports materials; B
11. Lysosomes – digestive/”suicide
sacs”; A
12. Vacuoles – storage sacs; big in
plants; B
13. Centrioles – involved in cell division;
A
Organelles of the Cytoplasm
Plant vs. animal cells
D. Organization
1. animals:
Cells  Tissues  Organs  Systems
2. plants:
Cells Tissues Tissue Systems Organs