Download The Cell

WARM UP
Using your text book define the
following words: be sure to space
out words every 8 lines. . .
¤ Cell
¤ Endosymbiosis (Endosymbiotic
Theory)
¤ Eukaryote (Eukaryotic)
¤ Nucleus
¤ Organelle
¤ Prokaryote
Who is this?
INTRODUCTION TO CELLS
UNIT 1
History of the Cell
Janet Plowe, 1931
Rudolph Virchow, 1855
Theodor Schwann,
1839
Matthias Schleiden, 1838
Anton von Leeuwenhoek, 1674
Robert Hooke, 1665
Robert Hooke
naturalist, philosopher, inventor, architect....
(July 18, 1635 - March 3, 1703)
In 1665 Robert Hooke
publishes his book,
Micrographia, which
contains his drawings of
sections of cork as seen
through one of the first
microscopes (shown at
right).
He was the first person to
use the term “cells”.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1632-1723
In 1673 Anton van
Leeuwenhook
perfects the simple
microscope and
observes cells and
microorganisms.
He discovered
bacteria in 1674 and
four years later, he
discovers protozoa.
Microscopes
 Magnification: refers to the
microscope’s power to increase an
object’s apparent size
 Resolution: refers to the
microscope’s power to show detail
clearly
Light Microscope
Light Microscope
Elodea - Aquatic Plant
40X
400X
Transmission Electron Microscope
(TEM)
Transmission Electron Microscope
(TEM)
Herpes Virus
Plant Root Cell
Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM)
Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM)
Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM)
Mosquito Head
200X
2000X
Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM)
Fly Eye
Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM)
Surface of
Tongue
Neuron
Inside of
Stomach
Cell Theory
Matthias Schleiden Theodore Schwann
all plants are made
of cells
all animals are made
of cells
Cell Theory
Rudolf Virchow
all cells came from
pre-existing cells
Cell Theory
Matthias
Schleiden
concluded that all
plants are made of
cells (1838)
Theodore
Schwann
concluded that all
animals are made
of cells (1839)
Rudolf Virchow
concluded that all
cells came from
pre-existing cells
(1855)
Cell Theory
• all living things are made up of cells
• cells are the basic units of structure and function in
an organism
• new cells are produced from existing cells
Cell Specialization
Cells in organisms
are specialized to
perform different
tasks.
Red Blood Cells
Muscle Cells
Stomata
The Levels of Organization
Multicellular organisms are arranged from simple to
complex according to their level of cellular grouping.
cell
tissue
organ
organ
system
organism
Levels of Organization
What is the benefit of being made of all of
these cells?
Level
Function
Organ
system
Different organs
function together
Organ
Different tissues
function together
Tissues
Cells
Similar cells
function together
Cells can perform
special jobs
Example
Nervous System
Brain
Nervous Tissue
Neuron
WARM UP
Using a different colored pen/pencil, go
back to your vocabulary words from
yesterday and simplify or put the
definitions you copied from the book
into your own words.
Cell Types
PROKARYOTE
EUKARYOTE
 No nucleus
 No membrane-bound
organelles
 Small ribosomes
 Most cells are 1 -10
μm in size
 Evolved 3.5 billion
years ago
 Found only in
Archaebacteria and
Eubacteria Kingdoms
 Has nucleus
 Many organelles
 Larger ribosomes
 Cells can be between
2 - 1,000 μm in size
 Evolved 1.5 billion
years ago
 Includes Protista,
Fungi, Plantae and
Animalia Kingdoms
Cell Type: Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes, which includes all bacteria,
are the simplest cellular organisms. They
have genetic material but no nucleus.
Bacteria cells
Typical bacteria cell
Cell Types: Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cells
contain a membranebound nucleus and
numerous membrane
-enclosed organelles
(e.g., mitochondria,
lysosomes, Golgi
apparatus) not found
in prokaryotes.
Different Types of Cells
Prokaryotic
no nucleus
Eukaryotic
nonucleus
nucleus
nucleus
small ribosomes larger
ribosomes larger ribosomes
small ribosomes
no organelles
noorganelles
organelles
small
small
very small 1-10m very
organelles
small 2-1000m
only in bacteria protists, fungi,
protists, fungi,
only in bacteria
plants, animals
plants, animals
How did organelles evolve?
many scientists theorize
that eukaryotes evolved
from prokaryote ancestors.
in 1981, Lynn Margulis
popularized the
“endosymbiont theory.”
Endosymbiont
theory:
 a prokaryote ancestor
“eats” a smaller prokaryote
 the smaller prokaryote
evolves a way to avoid
being digested, and lives
inside its new “host” cell
kind of like a pet.
Endo = inside
Symbiont = friend
 the small prokaryotes that can do photosynthesis evolve into
chloroplasts, and “pay” their host with glucose.
 The smaller prokaryotes that can do aerobic respiration evolve
into mitochondria, and convert the glucose into energy the cell
can use.
 Both the host and the symbiont benefit from the relationship
What Are the Parts of Cells
Both prokaryotic
and eukaryotic
cells have some
things in common.
nuclear
cell membrane
ribosomes
cytoplasm
material
All cells have
¤ cell membrane
¤ cytoplasm
¤ ribosomes
¤ nuclear material
cytoplasm:
nucleus:
chloroplast:
vacuole:
ribosomes:
mitochondria:
cell
membrane:
wall:
sac-like
controls
outer
semi-liquid
manufacture
capture
convert
layer
most
in
material
cell
energy
structure
proteins
chemical
regulates
plant
processes,
cells,
from
that
energy
that
what
support
sunlight
fills
stores
enters
contains
stored
theand
cell
hereditary
water,
in
and
protection
food
convert
leaves
salts,
intoinformation
the
ATP
it
foods,
into
cell,
(cellular
etc
(DNA)
chemical
respiration
protection
energy
and
occurs
support
(food),
here)
(photosynthesis occurs
here)
Parts of Cells
cytoplasm
nucleus
chloroplast
vacuole
ribosomes
mitochondria
cell membrane
(p. 175)
cell wall
The Cell
cytoplasm
nucleus
chloroplast
vacuole
ribosomes
mitochondria
cell membrane
(p. 175)
cell wall
Cell Organelles
Cell Membrane
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleus
Vacuole
Lysosome
Golgi Body
Ribosome
 Animal
Cell Wall
 Plant
Cell Drawing Assignment
Turn to page 175 in the textbook.
Draw the outer shape of both the animal and
plant cells on the paper provided by your
teacher
For the outline, draw the cell membrane in
both cells and the cell wall around the outside
of the plant cell
Inside the cell include only the mitochondria
and chloroplasts (label on drawing)
Works Cited
 Red Blood Cells, Online Image June 5, 2006, NIH Clinical
Center, National Institutes of Health,
http://www.cc.nih.gov/dtm/dtm_whole_blood.htm
 Stomata Online Image, June 5, 2006, Energy Biosciences
Program
http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/eb/Highlights/CaOscillate/body_caos
cillate.html
 Skeletal Muscle Cell Online Image, June 5, 2006, Medline Plus,
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19495.ht
m
 Bacteria Cells Online Image, June 5, 2006, NASA Astrobiology
Institute,
http://nai.arc.nasa.gov/news_stories/news_detail.cfm?article=old
/meaning_of_life.htm
Works Cited
 Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic Cell Online Images, June 5,
2006, NASA Astrobiology Institute,
http://nai.arc.nasa.gov/news_stories/news_detail.cfm?article=old
/domains.htm
 Biology Curriculum Writing Team, Plano Independent School
District