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WARM UP Using your text book define the following words: be sure to space out words every 8 lines. . . ¤ Cell ¤ Endosymbiosis (Endosymbiotic Theory) ¤ Eukaryote (Eukaryotic) ¤ Nucleus ¤ Organelle ¤ Prokaryote Who is this? INTRODUCTION TO CELLS UNIT 1 History of the Cell Janet Plowe, 1931 Rudolph Virchow, 1855 Theodor Schwann, 1839 Matthias Schleiden, 1838 Anton von Leeuwenhoek, 1674 Robert Hooke, 1665 Robert Hooke naturalist, philosopher, inventor, architect.... (July 18, 1635 - March 3, 1703) In 1665 Robert Hooke publishes his book, Micrographia, which contains his drawings of sections of cork as seen through one of the first microscopes (shown at right). He was the first person to use the term “cells”. Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723 In 1673 Anton van Leeuwenhook perfects the simple microscope and observes cells and microorganisms. He discovered bacteria in 1674 and four years later, he discovers protozoa. Microscopes Magnification: refers to the microscope’s power to increase an object’s apparent size Resolution: refers to the microscope’s power to show detail clearly Light Microscope Light Microscope Elodea - Aquatic Plant 40X 400X Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) Herpes Virus Plant Root Cell Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Mosquito Head 200X 2000X Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Fly Eye Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Surface of Tongue Neuron Inside of Stomach Cell Theory Matthias Schleiden Theodore Schwann all plants are made of cells all animals are made of cells Cell Theory Rudolf Virchow all cells came from pre-existing cells Cell Theory Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants are made of cells (1838) Theodore Schwann concluded that all animals are made of cells (1839) Rudolf Virchow concluded that all cells came from pre-existing cells (1855) Cell Theory • all living things are made up of cells • cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism • new cells are produced from existing cells Cell Specialization Cells in organisms are specialized to perform different tasks. Red Blood Cells Muscle Cells Stomata The Levels of Organization Multicellular organisms are arranged from simple to complex according to their level of cellular grouping. cell tissue organ organ system organism Levels of Organization What is the benefit of being made of all of these cells? Level Function Organ system Different organs function together Organ Different tissues function together Tissues Cells Similar cells function together Cells can perform special jobs Example Nervous System Brain Nervous Tissue Neuron WARM UP Using a different colored pen/pencil, go back to your vocabulary words from yesterday and simplify or put the definitions you copied from the book into your own words. Cell Types PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE No nucleus No membrane-bound organelles Small ribosomes Most cells are 1 -10 μm in size Evolved 3.5 billion years ago Found only in Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms Has nucleus Many organelles Larger ribosomes Cells can be between 2 - 1,000 μm in size Evolved 1.5 billion years ago Includes Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia Kingdoms Cell Type: Prokaryotes Prokaryotes, which includes all bacteria, are the simplest cellular organisms. They have genetic material but no nucleus. Bacteria cells Typical bacteria cell Cell Types: Eukaryotes Eukaryotic cells contain a membranebound nucleus and numerous membrane -enclosed organelles (e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus) not found in prokaryotes. Different Types of Cells Prokaryotic no nucleus Eukaryotic nonucleus nucleus nucleus small ribosomes larger ribosomes larger ribosomes small ribosomes no organelles noorganelles organelles small small very small 1-10m very organelles small 2-1000m only in bacteria protists, fungi, protists, fungi, only in bacteria plants, animals plants, animals How did organelles evolve? many scientists theorize that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryote ancestors. in 1981, Lynn Margulis popularized the “endosymbiont theory.” Endosymbiont theory: a prokaryote ancestor “eats” a smaller prokaryote the smaller prokaryote evolves a way to avoid being digested, and lives inside its new “host” cell kind of like a pet. Endo = inside Symbiont = friend the small prokaryotes that can do photosynthesis evolve into chloroplasts, and “pay” their host with glucose. The smaller prokaryotes that can do aerobic respiration evolve into mitochondria, and convert the glucose into energy the cell can use. Both the host and the symbiont benefit from the relationship What Are the Parts of Cells Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have some things in common. nuclear cell membrane ribosomes cytoplasm material All cells have ¤ cell membrane ¤ cytoplasm ¤ ribosomes ¤ nuclear material cytoplasm: nucleus: chloroplast: vacuole: ribosomes: mitochondria: cell membrane: wall: sac-like controls outer semi-liquid manufacture capture convert layer most in material cell energy structure proteins chemical regulates plant processes, cells, from that energy that what support sunlight fills stores enters contains stored theand cell hereditary water, in and protection food convert leaves salts, intoinformation the ATP it foods, into cell, (cellular etc (DNA) chemical respiration protection energy and occurs support (food), here) (photosynthesis occurs here) Parts of Cells cytoplasm nucleus chloroplast vacuole ribosomes mitochondria cell membrane (p. 175) cell wall The Cell cytoplasm nucleus chloroplast vacuole ribosomes mitochondria cell membrane (p. 175) cell wall Cell Organelles Cell Membrane Mitochondria Chloroplast Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus Vacuole Lysosome Golgi Body Ribosome Animal Cell Wall Plant Cell Drawing Assignment Turn to page 175 in the textbook. Draw the outer shape of both the animal and plant cells on the paper provided by your teacher For the outline, draw the cell membrane in both cells and the cell wall around the outside of the plant cell Inside the cell include only the mitochondria and chloroplasts (label on drawing) Works Cited Red Blood Cells, Online Image June 5, 2006, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, http://www.cc.nih.gov/dtm/dtm_whole_blood.htm Stomata Online Image, June 5, 2006, Energy Biosciences Program http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/eb/Highlights/CaOscillate/body_caos cillate.html Skeletal Muscle Cell Online Image, June 5, 2006, Medline Plus, http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19495.ht m Bacteria Cells Online Image, June 5, 2006, NASA Astrobiology Institute, http://nai.arc.nasa.gov/news_stories/news_detail.cfm?article=old /meaning_of_life.htm Works Cited Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic Cell Online Images, June 5, 2006, NASA Astrobiology Institute, http://nai.arc.nasa.gov/news_stories/news_detail.cfm?article=old /domains.htm Biology Curriculum Writing Team, Plano Independent School District