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Transcript
2017 Cell Unit Test Review Explain the structure and function of a unicellular organism (specialization). A unicellular organism is made of one cell that is NOT specialized. The one cell is able to support all of the needs of the organism. • What is an organelle? • Organelles are structures inside cells that have specific functions. • Examples: nucleus, ribosomes, centrioles • They are NOT alive. The smallest living unit is a cell. Define multicellular organism, explain what types of cells they have, and how they are organized. A multicellular organism is made up of several different cells that are specialized. The structure and function of the cells are different. A group of cells working together form tissues, which form organs, which form organ systems, which form an organism. Define eukaryote and prokaryote. Eukaryotes have cells that are larger, more complicated, contain a nucleus, and membranebound organelles. Prokaryotes have a single cell with a simple design (no nucleus) = bacteria. Compare and contrast plant and animal cells. Plant Cell Animal Cell outer layer = cell wall outer layer = cell membrane also has cell membrane chloroplasts centrioles large vacuole small vacuoles rectangular circular shaped autotrophic heterotrophic • What is the difference between chlorophyll and chloroplasts? • Chloroplasts are where photosynthesis occurs in autotrophic cells. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which is the green photosynthetic pigment. Identify the function of the following organelles: A. nucleus B. cell membrane C. vacuole D. lysosome E. chloroplast F. mitochondria G. cell wall H. ribosomes organelle function A. nucleus – controls cell’s activities (contains DNA) B. cell membrane – controls what enters and leaves cell C. vacuole – “storage bins” D. lysosome – “clean up crew” E. chloroplast - site of photosynthesis (contain chlorophyll) F. mitochondria – produces energy G. cell wall - support for plant , fungi, and bacterial cells; made of cellulose H. ribosomes – “protein factories” Identify: nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome, cytoplasm, & outer layer Identify: nucleus (6), mitochondria (2), ribosome (3), cytoplasm (7), & outer layer (cell membrane) Explain what a selectively permeable (semi-permeable) cell membrane means. A selectively permeable cell membrane determines what molecules are able to enter and leave the cell. Define diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration. Define osmosis. Osmosis is the diffusion (moves from high to low concentration) of water through a selectively permeable cell membrane. Define homeostasis. Homeostasis is the ability of a cell to maintain stable internal conditions or environment. This is accomplished by the cell membrane controlling what enters and leaves the cell. Explain what is happening in the onion cells that are exposed to salt water. • Water is leaving the onion cells through the process of osmosis because the cells are exposed to salt water. Water moves from high concentration to low concentration. The cytoplasm and vacuoles lose water. What is mitosis? • mitosis- the nucleus divides and two new nuclei (plural) form, each containing the same number of chromosomes • Identify the 3 main events of mitosis/cell cycle. 3 main events of mitosis/cell cycle: • 1. cell makes a copy of contents • 2. cell equally divides contents of cells • 3. separate to produce two identical daughter cells How many chromosomes do human somatic (body) cells have? Human somatic (body) cells have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). If a cell containing 60 chromosomes goes through mitosis: a) How many cells will there be at the end? b) How many chromosomes will each cell have? If a cell containing 60 chromosomes goes through mitosis: a) How many cells will there be at the end? 2 b) How many chromosomes will each cell have? 60 chromosomes per cell • Explain the chemical equation for photosynthesis in words. • Identify where it occurs in the cell. • Identify the types of organisms that perform photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide and water combine in the presence of sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen. This process occurs in the chloroplasts. Autotrophs are photosynthetic. • Explain the chemical equation for cellular respiration in words. • Identify where it occurs in the cell. • Identify organisms that perform cellular respiration. Glucose combines with oxygen to produce ATP (energy). Waste products of carbon dioxide and water are also released. This process occurs in the mitochondria. Both autotrophs and heterotrophs perform cellular respiration to release energy from their food. Use a VENN diagram to compare/contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration. photosynthesis produces: food oxygen occurs in chloroplasts needs sun autotrophs cellular respiration produces ATP (energy) from food almost reverse processes; switches reactants and products produces carbon dioxide and water occurs in mitochondria autotrophs & heterotrophs photosynthesis cellular respiration chloroplast 6CO2 + 6H2O sun C6H12O6 + 6O2 mitochondria C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP