Download Principles of Cell Biology

Principles of Cell Biology
Chapter 1 – Student Online
Introduction
 Anatomy and physiology  Start with the cell and work through the tissues and systems.
Animal Classification
 Classification –
 Science of classification
 Animal kingdom
o Subdivided
 Species
o Backbone –
o No backbone –
o Vertebrates classes include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(Table 1.1)
o Classes (Table 1.1)
o Mammals specific feature include:
o Examples of mammalian orders:
1. Rodents –
2. Carnivores –
3. Ungulates –
4. Cetaceans –
5. Primates –
The Basic Plan of the Body
 The body is made up of a number of systems and each of them has a specific
job, enabling the body to function effectively.
o Three groups depending on their function:
 Structural systems –
 Coordinating systems –
 Visceral systems –
Structural Systems
 Skeletal system –
 Muscular system –
 Integument –
 Cardiovascular system –
Coordinating Systems
 Nervous system –
 Endocrine system –
Visceral Systems
 Digestive system –
 Respiratory system –
 Urinary system –
 Reproductive system –
Mammalian Cell
 Each system is made up of specific types of tissue arranged as organs.
o Each tissue is composed of a specialized type of cell.
 Cells
1.
2.
3.
a. organelles
Cell Structure and Function
 Components of a cell include (Figure 1.2)
o Cell membrane
o Nucleus
o Organelles:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Cell Membrane
1. Plasma membrane
2. Separating the cell from its environment,
3. Carbohydrates
4. Membrane composed of a phospholipid bilayer (Fig. 1.3)
a.
b.
Transportation Systems
 Pores in the cell membrane –
 Simple diffusion –
 Facilitated diffusion –
 Active transport mechanisms –
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cytoplasm
 Fluid that fills the interior of the cell, providing it with support
 The following are found in the cytoplasm:
1.
2.
3.
a.
b.
c.
Nucleus
1.
2.
3.
4.
Organelles
o Mitochondria –
1.
2.
o Ribosomes –
o Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) –
Two types
o Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) -
1.
Function –
o Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) 2.
Function –
o Golgi apparatus –
(Fig. 1.2)
3.
Functions
1.
2.
o Lysosomes –
4.
Functions –
1.
2.
o Centrosome and centrioles –
1.
o Cilia and flagella –
1.
a.
2.

 Materials can either be taken into the cell or exported out of it.
o Processes endocytosis and exocytosis
o Types of endocytosis –
o Phagocytosis –
Cell Division
 The cells of the body are classified into two types:
o Somatic cells –
1.
o Germ cells –
1.
Chemistry of the Body
 Cells are composed of chemicals
 Divided into two groups:
1.
2.
 Most biologically important inorganic compound -
Water
 Cell –
 60-70%  Divided into two compartments:
o Intracellular fluid (ICF) –
o Extracellular fluid (ECF) –
 Water or fluid is essential to maintain the body’s internal environment in a
state of balance –
o Body water and the chemical substances within it constantly move
o Processes responsible for movement -
Diffusion (Fig. 1.8A)
1.
2.
3.
a.
membrane
Osmosis (Figure 1.8B)
1.

2.
3.
a. Described as having an osmotic pressure (OP)
b. OP is the pressure needed to prevent osmosis from occurring.



Osmosis Terminology
 The OP of a rehydrating fluid is described relative to the OP of blood
plasma:
o Isotonic –
o Hypotonic –
o Hypertonic –

Inorganic Compounds
 Essential to the functions of the body:
 When dissolved in water, the molecules of many substances break apart into
charged particles - ions
1.
2.
 An electrolyte when dissolved in water, splits into ions thus capable of
conduction an electric current.
1.
2.
Minerals
 Principal cations -
 Principal anions o
o
 Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium o Calcium o Iron and copper -
Organic Compounds
 Principal organic compounds o Carbohydrates
 Carbohydrates –
o
o Lipids
 Lipids  Fatty acids -
o Fats
 Use as an energy source
 Energy storage for the body, to be used when required
 Other functions
1.
2.
3.
Proteins
o Made up of amino acids
o Consists of one or more polypeptide chains
o Two groups:
 Globular –


 Fibrous –


o
Anatomical Definitions
 Terms are used to describe where structures lie in relation to one another.
 They include:
o Median plane –
o Superficial –
o Deep –
o Cranial/anterior –
o Caudal/posterior –
o Medial –
o Lateral –
o Dorsal –
o Ventral –
o Rostral –
o Proximal –

o Distal -
o Palmar-

o Plantar –
