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Principles of Cell Biology Chapter 1 – Student Online Introduction Anatomy and physiology Start with the cell and work through the tissues and systems. Animal Classification Classification – Science of classification Animal kingdom o Subdivided Species o Backbone – o No backbone – o Vertebrates classes include: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (Table 1.1) o Classes (Table 1.1) o Mammals specific feature include: o Examples of mammalian orders: 1. Rodents – 2. Carnivores – 3. Ungulates – 4. Cetaceans – 5. Primates – The Basic Plan of the Body The body is made up of a number of systems and each of them has a specific job, enabling the body to function effectively. o Three groups depending on their function: Structural systems – Coordinating systems – Visceral systems – Structural Systems Skeletal system – Muscular system – Integument – Cardiovascular system – Coordinating Systems Nervous system – Endocrine system – Visceral Systems Digestive system – Respiratory system – Urinary system – Reproductive system – Mammalian Cell Each system is made up of specific types of tissue arranged as organs. o Each tissue is composed of a specialized type of cell. Cells 1. 2. 3. a. organelles Cell Structure and Function Components of a cell include (Figure 1.2) o Cell membrane o Nucleus o Organelles: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Cell Membrane 1. Plasma membrane 2. Separating the cell from its environment, 3. Carbohydrates 4. Membrane composed of a phospholipid bilayer (Fig. 1.3) a. b. Transportation Systems Pores in the cell membrane – Simple diffusion – Facilitated diffusion – Active transport mechanisms – 1. 2. 3. 4. Cytoplasm Fluid that fills the interior of the cell, providing it with support The following are found in the cytoplasm: 1. 2. 3. a. b. c. Nucleus 1. 2. 3. 4. Organelles o Mitochondria – 1. 2. o Ribosomes – o Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) – Two types o Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) - 1. Function – o Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) 2. Function – o Golgi apparatus – (Fig. 1.2) 3. Functions 1. 2. o Lysosomes – 4. Functions – 1. 2. o Centrosome and centrioles – 1. o Cilia and flagella – 1. a. 2. Materials can either be taken into the cell or exported out of it. o Processes endocytosis and exocytosis o Types of endocytosis – o Phagocytosis – Cell Division The cells of the body are classified into two types: o Somatic cells – 1. o Germ cells – 1. Chemistry of the Body Cells are composed of chemicals Divided into two groups: 1. 2. Most biologically important inorganic compound - Water Cell – 60-70% Divided into two compartments: o Intracellular fluid (ICF) – o Extracellular fluid (ECF) – Water or fluid is essential to maintain the body’s internal environment in a state of balance – o Body water and the chemical substances within it constantly move o Processes responsible for movement - Diffusion (Fig. 1.8A) 1. 2. 3. a. membrane Osmosis (Figure 1.8B) 1. 2. 3. a. Described as having an osmotic pressure (OP) b. OP is the pressure needed to prevent osmosis from occurring. Osmosis Terminology The OP of a rehydrating fluid is described relative to the OP of blood plasma: o Isotonic – o Hypotonic – o Hypertonic – Inorganic Compounds Essential to the functions of the body: When dissolved in water, the molecules of many substances break apart into charged particles - ions 1. 2. An electrolyte when dissolved in water, splits into ions thus capable of conduction an electric current. 1. 2. Minerals Principal cations - Principal anions o o Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium o Calcium o Iron and copper - Organic Compounds Principal organic compounds o Carbohydrates Carbohydrates – o o Lipids Lipids Fatty acids - o Fats Use as an energy source Energy storage for the body, to be used when required Other functions 1. 2. 3. Proteins o Made up of amino acids o Consists of one or more polypeptide chains o Two groups: Globular – Fibrous – o Anatomical Definitions Terms are used to describe where structures lie in relation to one another. They include: o Median plane – o Superficial – o Deep – o Cranial/anterior – o Caudal/posterior – o Medial – o Lateral – o Dorsal – o Ventral – o Rostral – o Proximal – o Distal - o Palmar- o Plantar –