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How Cells Release Chemical Energy Chapter 7 Overall Concept of Cellular Respiration p.106a Mitochondria Structure Cristae or ENERGY FLOW IN THE ECOSYSTEM p.107d W h o c a n R e s p.108 Fig. 7-2, p.108 ATP P P ATP P P P P Stepped Art Fig. 7-4, p.111 PGAL NAD Pi+ P NADH NAD P+i P 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate ADP PGAL ATP ENERGY-RELEASING STEPS OF GLYCOLYSIS NADH P P 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate ADP ATP substrate-level phosphorylation 2 ATP invested P P 3-phosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate P P 2-phosphoglycerate H2 O 2-phosphoglycerate H2 O PEP PEP P ATP ADP P ADP ATP substrate-level phosphorylation 2 ATP invested pyruvate pyruvate to second set of reactions Fig. 7-4b, p.111 GLYCOLYSIS REVIEW • • • • • In cytoplasm Uses glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD Makes 2 pyruvates, 4ATP, 2NADH Net gain of ATP=2 Why 10 steps? Acetyl-CoA Formation pyruvate coenzyme A (CO2) NAD+ NADH CoA acetyl-CoA Krebs Cycle CoA oxaloacetate citrate NAD+ NADH NADH NAD+ FADH2 FAD NAD+ NADH ATP ADP + phosphate group Fig. 7-7a, p.113 KREB’S CYCLE Begins after the Intermediate step Pyruvate Acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH Acetyl CoA enters mitochondria matrix and reacts with oxaloacetate Citrate (aka citric acid cycle) A series of reactions will yield oxaloacetate again (aka cycle) Each pyruvate makes 3 NADH, 1FADH2, 1ATP, 2 CO2 How many per glucose? Fig. 7-8b, p.114 Fig. 7-8c, p.114 ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN Mitochondrial membrane or cristae Enzymes (Cytochromes) and ATP synthase on membrane to shuttle electrons and protons NADH, FADH2 gives up the H H+ + e Electrons are passed through the membrane proteins and the energy released is used to transport the H to the outer membrane The gradient established is the force needed to allow the H to move back into the inner membrane through ATP Synthase The 4H + 4e + O2 H2O What is the purpose of the oxygen? HOW MANY ATP’S WAS THAT? Each NADH can make 3ATP and FADH2 2ATP ____ATP From glycolysis ____NADH from Glycolysis x ___ = ____ATP From Kreb’s Cycle ____NADH from Kreb’s cycle x ___ = _____FADH2 from KREb’s x _____ = Total ATP ______ GLYCOLYSIS 2 ATP energy input 4 C6H12O6 2 NAD+ 2 NADH 2 ADP ATP energy output 2 pyruvate 2 ATP net 2 H2 O ETHANOL FORMATION 2 CO2 2 acetaldehyde electrons, hydrogen from NADH 2 ethanol Stepped Art Fig. 7-10, p.116 Fig. 7-10b, p.116 GLYCOLYSIS C6H12O6 2 ATP energy input 4 2 NAD+ 2 NADH 2 ADP ATP energy output 2 pyruvate 2 ATP net LACTATE FORMATION electrons, hydrogen from NADH 2 lactate Stepped Art Fig. 7-11, p.117 Fig. 7-12a, p.117 WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION? • To continue making ATP even in the absence of oxygen • Can happen in glycolysis but soon .. • NADH are used up • Cannot be regenerted in ETC • So has to be regenerated in the fermentation phase of cell respiration • Side effects – formation of ethanol, CO2 or lactate FOOD fats fatty acids glycogen glycerol complex carbohydrates proteins simple sugars (e.g., glucose) amino acids NH3 glucose-6phosphate urea carbon backbones PGAL 2 glycolysis ATP 4 ATP (2 ATP net) NADH pyruvate Acetyl-CoA NADH NADH, FADH2 CO2 Krebs Cycle 2 ATP CO2 e– ATP ATP ATP H+ many ATP fats e– + oxygen Fig. 7-13b, p.119 USES OF CELL RESPIRATION? • ATP for cell work • CO2 for photosynthesis • Carbon skeletons for metabolism of sugars, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, etc