Download ch 3 review answers

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Biology 4442 Chapter 3 Review Answers 2009
1. Robert Hooke observed _cork__ and called the empty ‘boxes’ he saw _____cells______.
2. Anton van Leeuwenhoek looked at pond water and saw __tiny one-celled organisms__.
3. A compound light microscope passes beams of _____light_____ through objective and ocular
lenses in order to magnify a specimen.
4. An electron microscope uses beams of __electrons___ to form a magnified image.
5. Put the following types of microscopes in order of their magnifying power going from the lowest
one to the one with the highest magnification.
compound light microscope
electron microscope
scanning tunneling microscope
6. True or false: a bacterial cell is smaller than a human red blood cell. _____true_______
7. True or false: Resolution is a measure of how clear a microscope image is. ________true_____
8. True or false: Magnification is how much larger the image of a specimen is. _______true____
9. True or false: A micrometer is smaller than a nanometer. ______false_________
10. True or false: A transmission electron microscope will show a 3-D image. _____false _ The
scanning electron microscope shows a 3-D image.
11. True or false: Only the scanning tunneling microscope can be used to study living specimens
_____false____. The compound light microscope can also be used to observe tiny living
organisms.
12. True or false: All living organisms need oxygen to survive. ___ false__. A number of bacteria and
fungi do not oxygen at all.
13. In your own words, list the three parts of the cell theory developed by Schleiden, Schawann, and
Virchow.
a. All living things; including bacteria, plants, and animals, are made of cells.
b. Cells can only come from other living cells
c. Cells are the basic units of the structures and functions of all living things.
14. As the size of a cell increases, the ______volume____ increases more than the __surface area__.
15. All cells, of any type contain what four structures?
a. DNA
b. cell membrane
c. cytoplasm
d. ribosomes
16. List three main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, cytoskeleton, or cell organelles, but do have a cell wall.
17. Describe the functions of the following cell organelles in your own words.
a. cell membrane-surrounds a cell and determines what goes into and out of a cell
b. cell wall-tougher outer covering of prokaryotic cells, plant cells and fungal cells
c. cytoskeleton-framework of protein fibers inside eukaryotic animal cells that helps give the
cell shape and helps anchor some cell organelles in place, also helps some cell organelles
move from one part of the cell to another
d. cytoplasm-all the stuff inside the cell except for the nucleus
e. cytosol-the fluid surrounding everything inside the cell
f. ribosomes-where proteins are made
g. nucleus-where the DNA (chromosomes) of eukaryotic cells is kept, the nucleus is
surrounded by a double membrane, this means there are four layers of phospholipid
molecules instead of just two as in the phospholipid bilayer
h. nucleolus-area inside the nucleus where ribosomes are partially assembled
i. marker proteins-proteins on the surface of a cell, attached to carbohydrate molecules, that
identify the cell as to what type of cell it is and that it belongs to you
j. transport proteins-proteins that help substances go across the cell membrane
k. endoplasmic reticulum-a system of membrane channels that move proteins and other
substances through the cell, sort of like a subway system
l. vesicle-a small sack or bag made of plasma membrane that moves substances around in the
cell
m. Golgi apparatus- rather flat membrane sacks that process and package proteins
n. lysosome- small sacks that contain enzymes that can break down used cell parts so the
molecules can be used again
o. mitochondria- the area in the cell where energy is released from glucose; the ‘power house’
of the cell; mitochondria have their own DNA separate and different from that of the rest
of the cell
p. chloroplasts- the organelle in which photosynthesis takes place in plant cells; chloroplasts
also have their own DNA separate and different from that of the rest of the cell
q. central vacuole-a membrane bound bag in a plant cell, the vacuole may contain water,
wastes, salts, or nutrients
r. cilia- tiny hair-like structures that can be used to help tiny organisms move, or cilia may
help sweep substances out of the body; for example there are tiny cilia in your respiratory
tract that help push harmful substances out of your lungs and airways.
s. flagellum- longer hair-like structures that help tiny organisms move
18. Draw and explain the structure of the phospholipid bilayer (see pages 60 & 61 in your textbook).
What is the more common name for the phospholipid bilayer? _____cell membrane or plasma
membrane______
19. Explain why both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, different from the DNA in
the nucleus of the cell.
Both chloroplasts and mitochondria were probably once just one-celled organisms like bacteria
that started living inside larger cells and set up a mutualistic relationship.
20. List the three major differences between plant and animal cells.
Plant cells have a cell wall, central vacuole and chloroplasts. Animals don’t have any of these.
21. Be able to label all the parts of both a plant and animal cell. See pages 64 and 66 in your textbook.
22. What path do proteins take from the time they are made in a ribosome on the rough ER to being
released outside the cell?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum make a protein
the protein enters the endoplasmic reticulum where it is packed into a vesicle
the vesicle takes the protein to the Golgi apparatus
the Golgi apparatus processes the protein then puts it into a new vesicle
the vesicle moves to the cell membrane
the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases the protein to the outside of the cell