Download CHEMISTRY

AP Biology Study Guide for Ch. 18, 19, 20
Feb 2014
These three chapters will bring your knowledge of Biology into the 21st century. What is cloning? How
can genes from one organism be transferred into another? How can this knowledge be used to fight
disease, increase food production, fight crime, and ultimately improve the quality of life of all humans?
You should be able to answer these questions by the end of the next few weeks.
I. SCHEDULE 2014 for Chapters 18, 19, 20
Monday (2/17)
Tues
*Go over Study Guide
*No School—
Ch. 18-20
Presidents’ Day!
*Start Ch. 18
Weds
*Lecture Ch. 18
*DNA Scissors: An
Introduction to
Restriction Enzymes
Weds
* DNA Turtle
Fingerprinting Lab
*Forensic Molecular
Biology Activity
Weds
*Start Investigations 1Artificial Selection and
10-Energy Dynamics
Fri
*Lecture Ch. 18
Monday (2/24)
*Pre-lab Investigation
9- Biotechnology:
Restriction Enzyme
(Read Lab)
Monday (3/3)
*Lecture Ch. 19
Tues
*Dry Lab-Investigation
9-Biotechnology:
Restriction Enzyme
Analysis of DNA
Tues
*Lecture Ch. 19
Fri
*In-Class FRQ
Monday (3/10)
*Pre-lab Investigation
8-Biotechnology:
Bacterial
Transformation
Tues
*Investigation 8Biotechnology:
Bacterial
Transformation
Weds
*Finish Investigation 8Biotechnology: Bacterial
Transformation
Fri
*Lecture Ch. 20
Monday (3/17)
*Lecture Ch. 20
Tues
*Lecture Ch. 20
Wed
*Finish up Ch. 18, 19, 20
*In-Class FRQ
Fri
*Test Ch. 18, 19, 20
*Packet Due
*Flashcards Due
Fri
*Work on labs
*Practice: Mapping
Plasmids
ELT Review Thursday
II. KEEP IN MIND
1. The schedule above is TENTATIVE!! We have 4 major labs to work on and several smaller
paper/pencil labs to do, too. Since 3 of these labs require living organisms, we have to be flexible—
living things don’t always cooperate perfectly and follow our human schedule! Pay attention is class for
changes to due dates.
2. These are the last three chapters that I will be covering with you in class. For the rest of the
Chapters, you will do F & T Guides, Learning Targets, Key Vocabulary, Labs, and FRQs, and you will
be expected to read and study the chapters on your own. You can do this because these chapters are
conceptually easier than the first 20 chapters in the book. In class, we will do the labs and FRQs that
go with various chapters and review for the AP exam.
III. KEY VOCABULARY
promoter
mutagenic agent
conjugation
viroids
temperate viruses
provirus
recombinant DNA
gene cloning
inducible enzyme
regulator gene
operator
promoter
positive control
chromatin
nonhistone proteins
chromosomal puffs
contact inhibition
transposition
plasmid
lytic cycle
retrovirus
lysogenic cycle
transduction
restriction endonucleases
interferon
structural genes
repressor protein
operon
negative control
cAMP-CAP complex
histone protiens
DNA hybridization
gene amplification
IV. LEARNING TARGETS
Chapter 18:
18.1. Describe the structure of viruses.
18.2. Using diagrams, describe the lytic and lysogenic modes of viral replication.
18.3. Compare and contrast the mode of reproduction of a typical DNA virus (Fig. 18.5) with that of
a typical RNA virus (Fig. 18.8) with that of a typical RNA retrovirus (Fig. 18.10).
18.4. What are viroids and what do they do?
18.5. What are prions and what do they do?
18.6. What is bacterial transformation and how does it happen?
18.7. Using a diagram, describe the process of transduction by viruses and mention some
implications and uses of this process.
18.8. Explain what plasmids are and describe how they can be transferred from one bacterial cell to
another.
18.9. Explain what transposons are and how they affect an organism’s genome. Use an example
showing how the actual organism is affected.
18.10. Describe the Jacob-Monod model for control of gene expression. Explain the roles of the
inducer, the operator, the promoter, the repressor protein, the regulator gene, and the structural
genes. Using a diagram, show how expression of the lac operon of E. coli is regulated.
18.11. Describe the functioning of a repressible operon and explain how it differs from an inducible
operon. Provide examples of each.
18.12. Describe how the cAMP-CAP complex facilitates transcription and how it is related to the lac
operon.
Chapter 19:
19.1. Point out the relationship between histone proteins and the nonhistone proteins with respect to
DNA.
19.2. Describe euchromatin and heterochromatin.
19.3. Explain why the models for the control of gene transcription in bacteria are not directly
applicable to eukaryotic cells in a multicellular organism.
19.4. Gene expression is tightly regulated in eukaryotic cells. Give at least two examples of each of
the following levels of regulation:
A. Regulation of chromatin structure
B. Regulation of transcription initiation
C. Mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation
Chapter 20:
20.1. Using a diagram, describe the steps involved in inserting genes from one kind of organism into
cells of another kind of organism. Include the following in your description: restriction
endonucleases, "sticky ends,” plasmid, ligase, and transformation.
20.2. Describe the process of gene cloning. Indicate the advantages that this process has over that
of artificial transformation. Then, explain how gene cloning can be used to sequence genes
from eukaryotic cells.
20.3. Describe the process of electrophoresis. Be sure to explain how this process is utilized to
create a genetic fingerprint.
20.4. Explain the processes involved in PCR. Provide a brief overview of how this process was
discovered and developed.