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UNIT 4 OVERVIEW: CELL BIOLOGY
Central Idea(s): Cells were first observed using very primitive microscopes in the mid 1600s. Advances in
technology have allowed greater insights into the intricate structure and function of cells. Today we know that a
cell is the basic unit of life and that all cells come from pre-existing cells. Today we know that all cells have a
purpose. Some cells carry oxygen while others fight disease. Some single- celled organisms such as protists sole
function is to survive. In this unit you will learn about various cell types, their many different structures, and
how they carry out many of life’s functions.
TEXTBOOK – Chapter 7 and Section 8.1
Vocabulary and Key Terms
prokaryote
eukaryote
cell theory
plasma membrane
semi- permeability
phosopholipid bilayer
hydrophobic
hydrophilic
Brownian motion
concentration gradient
dynamic equilibrium
diffusion
passive transport
active transport
transporter proteins
channel proteins
osmosis
isotonic
hypertonic
hypotonic
endocytosis
exocytosis
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
organelles
nucleus
nucleolus
mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
endoplasmic reticulum
ribosome
chloroplast
centrioles
cilia and flagella
food vacuole
central vacuole
vesicle
lysosome
cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
cell wall
cellulose
Objectives & Study Questions
Cell Theory
1. What is the cell theory?
2. Who was the first to term the word “cell”? What did he observe?
3. How do prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes? Give examples of each.
4. What is the function of each of the following animal organelles?
a. nucleus
b. nucleolus
c. mitochondria
d. Golgi apparatus
e. endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
f. ribosomes
g. chloroplasts
h. cilia and flagella
i. vacuole
j. lysosomes
Pioneer High School
Biology 2011-2012
Murdock/Smith
k. vesicles
5. Contrast the smooth ER and the rough ER.
6. Compare and contrast a plant cell and bacterial cell with an animal cell.
7. What important process occurs in chloroplasts?
8. What role do vacuoles play in plants?
9. What role does the cytoskeleton and cytoplasm play in a cell?
10. What role does a cell wall play in plant and bacterial cells?
11. Identify the parts of a cell from a diagram.
12. Explain the role of the nucleus, rough ER, Golgi apparatus and vesicles in making a protein.
Plasma Membrane & Cell Transport
13. What is osmosis?
14. Differentiate solute and solvent.
15. Contrast isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions.
16. Explain what would happen to a cell if it were placed in a ...
a. hypertonic solution
b. hypotonic solution
c. isotonic solution
17. Compare endocytosis with exocytosis.
18. Explain the structure of the plasma membrane.
19. Contrast the following pairs of terms:
a. hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic
b. polar vs. nonpolar
20. Explain the polarity of the plasma membrane (phosphate heads and lipid tails)
21. Define selective permeability
22. Contrast a concentration gradient with a dynamic equilibrium
23. Define active and passive transport.
24. Compare and contrast facilitated diffusion with active transport.
25. Explain the role of channel proteins and transport proteins in cell transport.
CA State Standards: Cell Biology
1. The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical
reactions that occur in specialized areas of the organism's cells. As a basis for understanding
this concept:
a. Students know cells are enclosed within semi permeable membranes that regulate their
interaction with their surroundings.
b. Students know how prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells (including those from plants and
animals), and viruses differ in complexity and general structure.
c. Students know the central dogma of molecular biology outlines the flow of information
from transcription of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleus to translation of proteins on
ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
d. Students know the role of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in the
secretion of proteins.
e. Students know usable energy is captured from sunlight by chloroplasts and is stored
through the synthesis of sugar from carbon dioxide.
f. Students know the role of the mitochondria in making stored chemical-bond energy
available to cells by completing the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide.
Pioneer High School
Biology 2011-2012
Murdock/Smith