Download Looking Inside Cells PPT

Chapter 1 Section 2
Think about this….
Imagine that you are in California standing next to a giant
redwood tree.
You have to bend your head way back to see the top of
the tree.
How do you thing redwoods grow so large?
How do they carry out all the functions necessary to stay
alive?
We will be using this example to learn about tiny cells,
structures found in plant cells and the differences
between the tiny cells in plants and animals.
Organelles
Animal and Plant Cells
Tiny cell structures, called
organelles, carry out
specific functions within
the cell.
Similar to the way your
stomach, lungs, and heart
have different functions in
your body, each organelle
has a different function
within the cell.
Cell Wall
Entering a plant’s cell is a bit difficult. You must first pass through the
cell wall.
A cell wall is a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of
plants and some other organisms.
The cell wall is made of a tough, yet flexible, material called cellulose.
Think of a stalk of celery and you will have a good idea of what cellulose
is. Celery contains a lot of cellulose.
The cells of animals and some other organisms lack cell walls.
The plant’s cell wall helps protect and support the cell.
This is why the giant redwood trees can grow so tall.
Although the cell wall is stiff, many materials, including water and
oxygen, can pass through the cell wall easily.
Cell Membrane
As you pass through the cell wall, the next structure you encounter is the cell
membrane.
All cells have cell membranes. In cells with cell walls, the cell membrane is
located just inside the cell wall.
In other cells, the cell membrane forms the outside boundary that separates
the cell from its environment.
One of the cell membrane’s main functions is to control what substances
come into and out of a cell.
Everything the cell needs, from food to oxygen, enters the cell through the
cell membrane.
Harmful waste products leave the cell through the cell membrane.
You can think of a cell membrane like a window screen. The screen keeps
insects out of a room but allows air to enter and leave.
Nucleus
The large oval structure inside the
cell is called the nucleus and it
acts as the cell’s brain.
You can think of the nucleus as the
cell’s control center, directing all
of the cell’s activities
The nucleus is surrounded by a
nuclear membrane. Just as the
cell membrane protects the cell,
the nuclear membrane protects
the nucleus.
Materials pass in and out of the
nucleus through small openings,
or pores in the nuclear membrane.
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Chromatin
The nucleus knows how to direct the cell through the thin strands
floating directly ahead in the nucleus.
These strands are called chromatin. They contain the genetic
material, the instructions that direct the functions of a cell.
For example, the instructions in the chromatin ensure that leaf cells
grow and divide to form more leaf cells.
The genetic material is passed on to each new cell when an existing
cell divides.
Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Just outside the nucleus is the cytoplasm, the
region between the cell membrane and the
nucleus.
The fluid in the cytoplasm is constantly moving.
Many cell organelles are found in the cytoplasm.
The organelles function to produce energy, build
and transport needed materials and store and
recycle waste.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are rod shaped structures or
organelles.
Mitochondria are called the “powerhouses” of the
cell because they produce most of the energy the
cell needs to carry out its functions.
Muscle cells and other very active cells have large
numbers of mitochondria.
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes
Farther into the cytoplasm is a maze of passageways
called the endoplasmic reticulum.
These passageways carry proteins and other materials
from one part of the cell to another.
Ribosomes – Attached to the outer surface of the
endoplasmic reticulum are small grain-like bodies called
ribosomes.
Other ribosomes are found floating in the cytoplasm.
The ribosomes release some proteins through the wall of
the endoplasmic reticulum.
From the interior of the endoplasmic reticulum, the
proteins will be transported to the Golgi bodies.
Golgi Bodies
Golgi bodies look like a flattened collection of
sacs and tubes.
They can be thought of as a cell’s mailroom.
The Golgi bodies receive proteins and other newly
formed materials from the endoplasmic
reticulum, package them, and distribute them to
other parts of the cell.
The Golgi bodies also release materials outside
the cell.
Chloroplasts
The green structures floating in the cytoplasm are called
chloroplasts.
Only the cells of plants and some other organisms have
these structures.
Chloroplasts capture energy from the sunlight and use it
to produce food for the cell.
It is the chloroplasts that give plants their green color.
Vacuoles
The large, round, water-filled sac floating in the
cytoplasm is called a vacuole.
The vacuole is the storage area of the cell.
Most cells have one large vacuole.
Vacuoles store food and other materials needed by the
cell. They can also store waste products. Most of the
water in plant cells are stored in the vacuoles.
When the vacuoles are full of water, they make the cell
plump and firm.
Without water in the vacuoles, the plant wilts.
Lysosomes
Lysosomes are small round structures that
contain chemicals that break down large food
particles into smaller ones.
Lysosomes also break down old cell parts and
release the substances so they can be used again.
You can think of lysosomes as the cell’s clean up
crew.
Bacterial cells
The plant and animal cells that you just learned about are very
different from the bacterial cell.
Bacterial cells are smaller than plant and animal cells.
While a bacterial cell does have a cell wall and a cell
membrane, it does not contain a nucleus.
Specialized Cells
In many celled organisms, the cells are often very different.
Think of the differences in you body. You have skin, bones,
muscles, blood, a brain, a liver, a stomach, and so on. Each of
these body parts carries out a different function. The structure
of each kind of cell is suited to the unique function it carries out
within the organism