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Unit 1 Topic 2: Genes and Health MY NOTES Nucleic Acids Structure of RNA and DNA Polynucleotide formation Identify how complimentary base pairing and the hydrogen bonding between two complimentary strands are involved in the formation of the DNA double helix. Identify how Meselson and Stahl’s classic experiment provided new data that supported the accepted theory of replication of DNA and refuted competing theories. semi conservative theory of DNA replication (including the role of DNA polymerase) Transcription and Translation Identify the triplet code nature of the genetic code Define the term gene Outline the process the process of protein synthesis, including the role of transcription, translation, messenger RNA, transfer RNA and the template (antisense) DNA strand Amino Acids Structure (carboxyl and amine groups) Peptide bond formation and define protein’s primary structure Secondary protein structure Tertiary protein structure (globular and fibrous proteins and types of bonds involved in three-dimensional structure). Enzymes Definition and examples of enzymes inside cells aswell as digestive enzymes Identify how enzymes work (reduce activation energy) Lock and key model of action, including description of E-S complexes. Effect of temperature, pH and concentration of substrate and enzyme Membranes Structure of the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes Diffusion Osmosis facilitated diffusion active transport endocytosis exocytosis Mammalian Gas Exchange Identify the properties of gas exchange surfaces in living organisms (large surface area to volume ratio, thickness of surface, difference in concentration) Identify how the structure of the mammalian lung is adapted for rapid gaseous exchange. Process of ventilation Inheritance Define the term mutation and identify the different types of mutation Identify differences between continuous and discontinuous variation Define the term gene, allele, genotype, phenotype, recessive, dominant, homozygous, heterozygous Use monohybrid inheritance to interpret outcomes, including the interpretation of genetic pedigree diagrams, in the context of traits such as cystic fibrosis, albinism, thalassaemia, garden pea height and seed morphology. CF Identify how a mutation in the CTFR gene lead to symptoms of CF Identify how CF impairs the functioning of the gaseous exchange, digestive and reproductive systems. Identify simple treatments for CF Describe the principles of gene therapy and distinguish between somatic and germ line therapy for treating diseases such as CF Genetic screening The uses of genetic screening: identification of carriers, preimplantation genetic diagnosis and prenatal testing (amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling). Identify and discuss the social and ethical issues related to genetic screening from a range of ethical viewpoints.