Download Life is Cellular

LIFE
I.
IS
CELLULAR
Discovery of Microscopes
A.
Robert Hooke
1.
1665 – Observed cork under the microscope
a.
Saw tiny boxes and called them cells
B.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1.
1675 – Observed water under the microscope
a.
Saw tiny animals (unicellular organisms)
II.
Cell Theory
A.
Scientists
1.
Schleiden (German botanist)
a.
All plants are made of cells
2.
Schwann (German zoologist)
a.
All animals are made of cells
3.
Virchow (German physician)
a.
All cells come from other cells
B.
Three Parts of the Cell Theory
1.
All living things are composed of cells
2.
Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in organisms
3.
All cells come from preexisting cells
III.
A.
IV.
Prokaryotic Cells
Do not contain a nucleus and other organelles
1.
Example: Bacteria
Eukaryotic Cells
A.
Contain a nucleus and other organelles
1.
Example: Fungi, protists, plants and animals
PROKARYOTIC
AND
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
PROKARYOTIC CELLS – STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
Structure
Function
Capsule
Attaches cell to surfaces
Cell Wall
Structure and protection for the cell
Cell Membrane
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Cytoplasm
Holds organelles in place in the cell
Ribosomes
Produces proteins for the cell
DNA
Contains genetic information for the cell
Flagella
Used for movement
PROKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE
Capsule
Cell
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Cell Wall
DNA
Ribosome
Flagellum
EUKARYOTIC CELLS – STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
Structure
Function
Cytoskeleton
Structure and protection for the cell
(“Scaffolding”)
Nucleus
Control center for the cell (“Brain”)
Nuclear Membrane
Controls what enters and leaves the
nucleus (“Bouncer”)
Nuclear Pores
Allow entry into the nucleus
Nucleolus
Produces ribosomes
DNA
Contains genetic information for the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Moves materials throughout the cell
(“Highway”)
Smooth ER
ER without ribosomes
Rough ER
ER with ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Packages and ships (“Post Office”)
Lysosomes
Breaks down wastes and organelles in the
cell (“Lysol”)
Cilia
Used for movement of the cell (“Oars”)
Mitochondria
Unpacks energy from food molecules
(“Powerhouse”)
Chloroplast
Captures sunlight for photosynthesis in
plant cells
Central Vacuole
Stores water in plant cells
Flagellum
Used for movement of the cell
(“Propeller”)
I.
Structures found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
1.
Cell Membrane
2.
Cytoplasm
3.
Ribosomes
4.
DNA
5.
Flagella
II.
Structures found in plant cells but not animal cells
1.
Chloroplasts
2.
Cell Walls
3.
Central Vacuoles
III. Cell Membrane
A.
Thin layer of lipids and proteins that separate cell
contents
B.
Selectively Permeable
1.
Allows only certain molecules to enter and leave
cells
C.
Structure
1.
Phospholipid bilayer
a.
Phospholipids
1.
Head – Made of phosphate
a.
Hydrophyllic – Water loving
2.
Tail – Made of lipids
a.
Hydrophobic – Water fearing
DIFFUSION
AND
OSMOSIS
I.
Diffusion
A.
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration
to reach
equilibrium
1.
Concentration Gradient
a.
Difference between concentration of
molecules in one area
versus another
B.
Rate of diffusion depends on temperature and size of
molecules
II.
Osmosis
A.
Diffusion of water from high to low concentration to
reach equilibrium
B.
Types
1.
Hypertonic Solution
a.
Concentration of solutes is higher outside
of the cell
b.
Water diffuses out of the cell – cell
shrinks
2.
Hypotonic Solution
a.
Concentration of solutes is higher inside of
the cell
b.
Water moves into the cell – cell swells
3.
Isotonic Solution
a.
Concentration inside and outside cell are
equal
b.
Water moves in and out of cell in equal
amounts
Hypertonic Solution
Hypotonic Solution
Isotonic Solution
Human Cell
Solution
Human Cell
Solution
Human Cell
Solution
94.1% Water
Water
5% Glucose
Glucose
.9% Salt
.9% Salt
90.1%
94.1% Water
98.1%
Water
9%
Net Result: Water flows
from cell to try to balance
with solution
5% Glucose
Glucose
.9% Salt
.9% Salt
1%
Net Result: Water flows
into cell to try to balance
with solution
94.1% Water
94.1% Water
5% Glucose
Glucose
.9% Salt
.9% Salt
Net Result: Water flows
into and out of cell in
same amounts
5%