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FORM A
Biology Standards Based Benchmark Assessment (5th Quarter)
Physiology (9 a-e) (10 a-e)
3. The function of the digestive system is to
a. chemically break down food.
b. mechanically break apart food.
c. absorb nutrient materials.
d. All of the above
4. What keeps blood flowing in only one direction through
the circulatory system?
a. blood pressure
b. ventricles
c. valves
d. heart contractions
Figure 1
1. When looking at Figure 1 above, identify the four body
systems shown.
a. digestive, reproductive, circulatory, nervous
b. digestive, respiratory, circulatory, nervous
c. immune, respiratory, circulatory, excretory
d. digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory
2. Which nutrient moves in or out of the body through the
circulatory system?
a. glucose
b. oxygen
c. Carbon dioxide
d. urea
Figure 2
5.
Figure 2 shows two human blood vessels, A and B,
connected by a capillary bed, C. The capillary bed is
found in the feet. Which of the statements is true?
a. Vessel B is an artery, vessel A is a vein.
b. O2 concentrations in the blood will be higher in
location X and lower in location Y.
c. O2 concentrations in the blood will be higher in
location Y and lower in location X.
d. X and Y will have the same concentrations of O2
Use the Figure below to answer the following question.
9. Increased perspiration, a higher body temperature, and a
rapidly beating heart are all possible responses to a
stressful situation. These body responses are most
likely a direct result of the interaction between the
a. nervous and endocrine systems.
b. nervous and circulatory systems.
c. digestive and endocrine systems.
d. digestive and circulatory systems.
Figure 3
6. Look at the Figure 3 above. Many times a person
encounters a dangerous stimulus, such as touching a hot
stove. The body reacts almost instantly to prevent injury.
Which of the following statements best explain how this
process can happen?
a. The message travels from the fingertips through
the motor neurons to the brain, then back through
the sensory neurons to the muscles, called a reflex.
b. The message travels from the fingertips through
sensory neurons to the spinal cord, then back
through the motor neurons to the muscles, called a
reflex.
c. The message travels from the fingertips through
the sensory neurons to the brain, then back through
the motor neurons to the muscles, called a reaction.
d. The message travels from the fingertips through
the motor neurons to the brain, then back through
the sensory neurons to the muscles, called a
reaction.
7. Which division(s) of the peripheral nervous system is (are)
responsible for the soccer player to kick a soccer ball?
a. Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic
divisions are used.
b. Only the motor division is used.
c. Only the somatic nervous system is used.
d. Both the motor and sensory divisions are used.
8. The autonomic nervous system controls
a. reflexes.
b. voluntary movement.
c. involuntary functions of the internal organs.
d. locomotion.
10. What is a role of the central nervous system?
a. Transmitting messages from sense organs.
b. Transmitting messages to the brain.
c. Receiving messages from sense organs.
d. Receiving messages from the brain.
Figure 4
11. Observe in Figure 4, the pancreas produces one
hormone that lowers blood sugar level and another that
increases blood sugar level. Which statement best
describes the feedback mechanism involving the
human pancreas?
a. The pancreas always produces less glucagon than
insulin, regardless of blood glucose levels.
b. The level of oxygen in the blood is related to the
production of insulin.
c. The level of sugar in the blood is affected by the
amount of insulin in the blood.
d. The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon at the
same time and the same amount.
16. There are some diseases that cause paralysis due to the
loss of the myelin sheath from spinal nerves. Why is
the myelin sheath so important for the nervous system
to function properly?
Figure 5
a. The myelin sheath transmits impulses from one
neuron to another.
b. The myelin sheath insulates synapses between the
neurons to keep the charges from leaking to other
neurons.
c. It provides nourishment for the neurons in the form
of glucose.
d. It insulates the axons to prevent the positive or
negative charges from leaking out of the neuron.
12. In Figure 5, as blood pressure increases, this triggers a
response from the brain to decrease heart rate. The effect
was a decrease in blood pressure. What is this process an
example of?
a. A positive feedback loop.
b. A negative feedback loop.
c. A negative cardiac loop.
d. A positive neurological loop.
13. What do pituitary hormones directly control?
a. The rate of cell activities.
b. Other endocrine glands.
c. The hypothalamus.
d. The secretion of TRH.
14. Leptin is a hormone that inhibits (decreases) appetite. As
levels of leptin increase in your blood,
a. you feel thirsty.
b. you feel less hungry.
c. you feel hungrier.
d. you stop eating.
15. The nervous and endocrine systems interacts through the
a.
b.
c.
d.
kidneys.
pituitary gland.
hypothalamus.
thyroid gland.
Figure 6
17. Identify the structures labeled A, B and C in Figure 6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
A is the cell body, B is a dendrite, C is an axon.
A is a dendrite, B is an axon, C is a cell body.
A is a dendrite, B is a cell body, C is an axon.
A is an axon, B is a cell body, C is a dendrite.
18. Refer to Figure 6. At the locations labeled 1, 3, and 4,
the inside of the neuron is negatively charged
compared to the outside. At the location labeled 2, the
inside of the neuron is positively charged. Which
direction does the nerve impulse travel?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A  B  C.
B  A  C.
C  B  A.
C  A  B.
19. A change in the concentration of Na+ ions and K+ ions
across the cell membrane of a neuron will generate
a.
b.
c.
d.
a reflex response.
a stimulus
an action potential
a negative feedback loop.
23. Identify the type of neuron labeled A in Figure 7
below.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Stimulus neuron
interneuron
Motor neuron
Sensory neuron
20. A nerve impulse begins when
a. Negative ions flow down an axon and change the
electric charge of a neuron.
b. Dendrites let negative ions pass through an axon of
a neuron.
c. Positive ions move across the cell membrane of a
neuron.
d. Neurotransmitters flow down an axon of a neuron.
Figure 7
21. If the axon in Figure 6 is part of a motor neuron, to what
cell are the impulses being passed?
a.
b.
c.
d.
brain and spinal cells.
muscle and gland cells.
brain and muscle cells.
optic (eye) and auditory (ear) cells.
22. _________________ transmit messages from the CNS
(central nervous system) to a muscle or gland and
______________ transmit messages to the spinal cord or
brain.
a.
b.
c.
d.
dendrites// axons
axons//dendrites
motor neurons // sensory neurons
sensory neurons// motor neurons
24. A main component of the central nervous system is the
spinal cord. Many reflex messages do not pass up to
the brain, but are integrated in the spinal cord, as seen
in Figure 7. What part of the spinal cord is responsible
for integration?
a. The white matter which is made of cell axons is
used.
b. The gray matter which is made of cell axons is
used.
c. The gray matter which is made of cell bodies is
used.
d. Both gray and white matters are made of a mix of
cell bodies and axons and are used.
25. In order to stimulate an effector in a toe, which
pathway does a nerve impulse follow after it is
initiated at a receptor?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Sensory neuron  motor neuron  interneuron
Interneuron  motor neuron  Sensory neuron
interneuron Sensory neuron  motor neuron
Sensory neuron  interneuron  motor neuron
26. Using figure 8 below, determine which of the following
responses best describes the reaction taking place?
27. The main organ of the integumentary system is the
skin (see Figure 9). The primary immunity role of the
organ below is
Figure 9
a. to produce hair for temperature regulation.
b. to produce odor causing sebum to stave off
bacteria.
c. to protect underlying organs from tissue damage
caused by air.
d. to act as the first line of defense against disease.
28. What is the greatest danger to a patient who has had
damage to the skin?
a. Damaged tissue entering the bloodstream.
b. Loss of oils produced by the skin.
c. Excessive muscle contractions in the damaged
area.
d. Infections in uncovered tissues.
Figure 8
a. The immune system mounts a specific targeted
defense against antigens found on the bacteria
using T cells and B helper cells.
b. The immune system mounts a specific defense
using phagocytes that engulf targeted bacteria
only.
c. The immune system mounts a nonspecific
defense against any bacteria found within the
skin barrier using phagocytes.
d. The immune system mounts a nonspecific
defense against specific antigens using T cells
and B helper cells.
29. Sweat and skin secretions contain a mixture of
molecules that kill or limit the growth of many types
of microbes. This control of microbes is an example
of
a. a specific immune response to infection by
microbes.
b. a non-specific defense against infection.
c. a feedback loop to maintain homeostasis.
d. an enzyme-catalyzed biochemical reaction.
30. Which statement is true about non-specific defenses?
a. They play a minor role in the body’s defense
against infection.
b. They distinguish between different kinds of
infectious agents.
c. They do not work against bacteria and other
infectious agents.
d. They keep most agents of infection out of the body.
31. A substance that triggers the immune response is known
as a(n)
a. antibody
b. phagocyte
c. B cell
d. antigen
34. Which of the following can inactivate pathogens
directly OR signal immune cells that pathogens are
present?
a. histamines
b. antigens
c. vaccines
d. antibodies
35. A weakened pathogen is injected in a vaccination
because the weakened pathogen can
a. Compete with regular pathogens.
b. Force B cells to produce antigens.
c. Stimulate an immune response.
d. Cause a weaker form of disease.
36. Refer to the illustration below. The most likely reason
for Response 2 being greater than Response I in the
graph is:
Figure 10
32. In figure 10 above there are structures labeled A and B,
and structures #1, #2 and #3. Identify which structures are
the antigens and which structures are the antibodies.
a. Structures A and B are antigens and #1, #2 and #3
are antibodies.
b. Structure A is the antigen, B is the antibody and
#1, #2 and #3 are proteins on the surface of the
bacteria cell.
c. Structures A and B are the antibodies and #1, #2
and #3 are the antigens.
d. Structure #1 is the antibody for Structure B
antigen.
33. Looking at figure 10 above, the interaction between
antibodies and antigens is shown. Choose the statement
below that best matches the relationship between A and B
with #1, #2, and #3.
a. Structure B matches with structure #1 only and
structure A matches with structure #3 only.
b. There is no specific relationship between structures
A and B with structures #1, 2, or 3; they can match
up with each other randomly.
c. Structure A matches with structure #3, structure B
matches with structure #1, and BOTH A and B
match with structure #2.
d. Structure A matches with structure #1 and structure
B matches with structure #2, and BOTH A and B
match with structure #3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
more bacteria entered at point C than at point A.
memory cells were produced in Response I.
antibodies from Response I were still in the blood.
macrophages increased their production of
antibodies.
37. When a person receives a vaccine for a disease like
chicken pox, his or her body
a. receives the antibodies against the chicken pox
pathogen.
b. produces memory cells that provide resistance to
that pathogen.
c. produces antigens to fight the chicken pox
pathogen.
d. immediately begins fighting the infection caused
by the chicken pox pathogen.
40. Injecting a person with a killed-bacteria vaccine can
protect that individual from a disease because the
proteins of the killed bacteria
a. Bind with the receptors in the body, so that live
bacteria cannot bind with them later.
b. Give the person a mild form of the disease, which
conditions the body not to respond to later
infection.
c. Remain in the body, and live bacteria later prey on
them instead of live tissues.
d. Stimulate the production of antibodies which can
be manufactured later in response to infection.
Figure 12
38. All students are required to have vaccines before entering
public school. Use the information in the above Figure 12
to recognize if this vaccine requirement is a good idea.
a. There is no good reason to vaccinate for a disease,
since the body will make antibodies and have a
response to the infection even without the vaccine.
People aren’t sick for very long before the first
response is strong enough.
b. Vaccines give you the actual pathogen, which can
make you get the disease. This triggers the
Response 1, but you feel sick since you have the
disease and you can pass it on to others.
c. Because the second exposure increases the number
of antibodies, students should wait until they enter
school to be exposed to the disease.
d. The primary immune response took longer to be
most effective and less antibodies were made. A
vaccine would trigger the primary immune
response, so when the person was exposed to the
pathogen the response would be faster and stronger
like the secondary response.
Figure 13
39. Use Figure 13 above and identify the correct pathway of
the primary immune response in a person.
a. A - B - C - D - E
b. A - B - D - E - C
c. A - E - B - D - C
d. A - C - E - B - D
41. Biologists now know that viruses
a. are the smallest organisms.
b. consist of a protein surrounded by a nucleic acid
coat.
c. contain RNA or DNA in a protein coat.
d. all form the same crystalline shape.
Figure 14
42. Refer to the Figure 14 above. Which structures
represent genetic material?
a. Structure D and C
b. Structure D and E
c. Structure A and E
d. Structure C and E
43. Refer to the Figure 14 above. Which description below
best explains how the virus reproduces?
a. A is a virus, B is a bacteria. The cell parts are taken
FROM B into A, and then the virus makes more
copies of the virus.
b. A is a virus, B is a bacteria. The genetic material in
A is injected into B and then the cell parts are used
to make more copies of the virus.
c. A is a bacteria and B is a virus. The virus pulls the
genetic material from A into B and then uses it to
make more copies of the virus.
d. A is a bacteria and B is a virus. The bacterium
pulls the virus genetic material from B into A to
make more copies of the virus.
44. Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections because
a. viruses are protected inside their host cells.
b. viruses have enzymes that inactivate the
antibiotics.
c. antibiotics interfere with metabolic processes that
viruses do not perform.
d. viral protein coats block the antibiotics from
entering the virus.
45. Antibiotics fight infections by
a. preventing viruses from replicating.
b. killing bacteria.
c. killing infected cells.
d. growing green mold that inhibits bacterial growth.
46. HIV can be transmitted
a. through sexual contact.
b. through the sharing of non-sterile needles.
c. to infants during pregnancy or through breast milk.
d. All of the above
47. All of the following are ways that HIV can be spread
EXCEPT
a. sharing needles for intravenous drug use.
b. tending to another person’s bleeding wound when
you have a cut on your hand.
c. using another person’s hairbrush.
d. having sex without a condom.
48. HIV weakens the immune system by killing
a. antibodies
b. B cells
c. Helper T cells
d. Killer T cells
49. Which statement is true about opportunistic diseases?
a. They occur only in people with AIDS.
b. They are caused by the AIDS virus.
c. They occur in anyone who has a weakened
immune system.
d. They occur in everyone who is HIV positive.
50. Individuals with HIV sometimes contract a pneumonia
infection that is rare in the rest of the population
because people with HIV
a. are unable to fight off these pneumonia-causing
organisms.
b. release substances that increase the strength of the
pneumonia-causing organisms.
c. are more often exposed to these pneumoniacausing organisms.
d. release pheromones that attract the pneumoniacausing organisms.