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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS - An Overview One Gene-One Polypeptide Hypothesis Garrod proposed that _________________________________________ (early 1900’s) He analyzed blood and urine samples of patients with alkaptonuria- black urine Alkapton in high concentrations turns dark when exposed to air He proposed that some individuals have a defective alkapton metabolizing enzyme Pedigree analysis led him to believe that the production of the enzyme was due to _________________________________________________ (gene) Beadle and Tatum Working with bread mould 33 years after Garrod, they showed that a lack of a particular enzyme corresponded to __________________________________ They isolated 4 distinct mutant strains, each with a defective enzyme for the synthesis of the amino acid arginine Vernon Ingram Ingram found that, in sickle cell anemia RBC’s, the amino acid ___________ substitutes for the normal amino acid in the protein This substitution leads to a change in the shape of the red blood cell (RBC) Ingram’s work showed that a gene specifies the _____________________of each amino acid in a polypeptide chain Many hereditary diseases since, such as ________________ and_________________, have also been traced to alterations in a single gene The Central Dogma: DNA is too valuable to leave the nucleus so parts of DNA are copied into a complementary RNA message (mRNA) in a process called _______________________ The mRNA leaves the nucleus where ribosomes translate the ________________ sequence into an amino acid sequence in a process called ____________________ RNA Vs DNA RNA differs from DNA in many ways: RNA has a ribose sugar (____________________) RNA has ________________ instead of thymine (T) RNA is _____________________ Uracil is complementary to ___________________ There are 3 major classes of RNA Messenger RNA ________________________________________________ Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers ___________________________ to the ribosome to build a protein Ribosomal RNA ____________________________________________ Transcription: Overview Can be divided into three processes: _________________:RNA polymerase binds to DNA near the beginning of a gene _____________________: RNA polymerase builds the appropriate mRNA transcript _____________________: RNA polymerase passes the end of a gene and recognizes a signal to stop Translation: Overview This is also divided into three stages: Initiation: when a ribosome binds to a specific site on _________________________ Elongation: the ribosome moves along the mRNA _____________________at a time assembling a sequence of ____________________ Termination: the ribosome reaches a ____________ signal on the mRNA and falls off The Genetic Code The same genetic code is used for translation in every organism from bacteria to mammals It’s universality is powerful evidence that evolution of the code happened ________________________________________________ _______ amino acids found in proteins are coded for by _____ different bases of RNA 3 nucleotides code for one _________________ Each triplet is called a _____________ (64 in total) There are more codons than amino acids meaning there is _______________in the code AUG = __________________ ______ stop codons Review 1. What did Garrod propose in the early 1900’s? 2. What did Beadle and Tatum discover 33 years after Garrod? 3. What did Ingram’s work show? 4. What two processes are involved in protein synthesis (DNA RNAProtein)? 5. Give 3 ways that RNA differs from DNA 6. Name 3 types of RNA 7. What is a triplet of nucleotides in RNA called? 8. Why do only 60 of 64 codons code for amino acids? 9. Translate this mRNA into a protein (fig. 7 p 240) 5’- GGC CAG AAA CAA GAA -3’