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Transcript
Objective: TSW learn the structures & functions of cell organelles REVIEW FROM 7.1 QUESTIONS 1. Explain how the development and improvement of microscopes changed the study of living org. 2. Compare and contrast compound light microscopes and electron microscopes. 3. Summarize the cell theory. CELL THEORY: 1. Cells are the basic unit of organization for all org. 2. All living organisms made of 1 or more cells 3. All cells come from preexisting cells 4. Differentiate the plasma membrane and the organelles. CELLULAR ORGANIZATION Unicellular and multicellular CELLS (organized into) TISSUE (i.e. muscle tissue, nervous tissue, adipose tissue, etc..) group of tissues function together to make: ORGANS (i.e. stomach and leaf of plant) together to form: organs work ORGAN SYSTEMS (i.e. nervous system and leaf of plant?) e.g. endocrine system *Each cell has its own structure and function; therefore each cell is like a factory or business (they have their own operations to perform). *Over 200 types of cells in body Cells have boundaries with passageways for materials to enter or exit. Plasma membrane serves as boundary between cell and its external environment & dictates what enters and leaves cell. -flexible (allows cell to vary its shape if needed) -allows useful materials such as oxygen and nutrients to enter, and waste products such as excess water to leave. -some materials enter and leave through protein passageways and other materials pass directly through membrane (*this helps maintain chemical balance within the cell) FACTORY/BUSINESS= Cell wall- additional boundary found outside plasma membrane in plants and some other cells (not animals). -cell wall much thicker and less flexible -found in cells of plants, fungi, bacteria, and some protists. -plant cell walls contain cellulose molecules, which form fibers. Fibers weave together form strong network. These provide most of fiber in diet. -what does cell wall do for cell? 1) protects cell 2) gives cell its shape FACTORY/BUSINESS= Nucleus-manages cell functions. FACTORY/BUSINESS Cheek epithelial cells Stained with methylene blue http://dept.kent.edu/projects/ http://science.exeter.edu/jekstrom/ -surrounded by nuclear envelope, containing large pores so materials can pass back and forth between nucleus and rest of cell. -contains DNA (builds proteins) -within nucleus is nucleolus (FACTORY- ) = this produces tiny particles called ribosomes. FACTORY— Ribosomes are sites where cell assembles enzymes and other proteins. *Major function of most cells is to make proteins and other materials. Many of cell organelles involved in protein synthesis or storage of materials. This occurs in the fluid inside the cell—the cytoplasm. (cyte=?) -cytoplasm is clear fluid outside nucleus. Much of cytoplasm is occupied by folded system of membranes, called endoplasmic reticulum (ER). -folded membrane forms network of interconnected compartments inside cell. Large surface area can be packed into small area by folding surfaces. -membranes provide large surface area where chemical reactions can take place. ER membranes also contain enzymes for most of cell’s lipid synthesis. -rough ER has parts that are coated with ribosomes. -smooth ER makes lipids *ER functions as cell’s delivery system FACTORY= Golgi apparatus-series of closely stacked, flattened membrane sacs that receives newly synthesized proteins and lipids from ER, puts them in packages & distributes them to plasma membrane and other cell organelles. -proteins transferred from ER to Golgi apparatus in small, membrane-bound transport packages, called vesicles. The various proteins in the vesicles are sorted and sent to their final destination, like (FACTORY= Cells have spaces called vacuoles for temporary storage of materials. -vacuoles store food, enzymes, and other materials (some store waste products) FACTORY= Lysosomes-- contain digestive enzymes, digest excess or worn out cells parts, food particles, and invading viruses or bacteria. FACTORY= Peroxisomes Peroxisomes function to rid the cell of toxic substances, in particular, hydrogen peroxide -- a common byproduct of cellular metabolism. These organelles contain enzymes that convert the hydrogen peroxide to water, rendering the potentially toxic substance safe for release back into the cell. Some types of peroxisomes, such as those in liver cells, detoxify alcohol and other harmful compounds by transferring hydrogen from the poisons to molecules of oxygen. FACTORY= *Cells require energy to carry out its many functions. Mitochondria are organelles where food molecules are broken down to release energy. (“Mighty”chondria) -‘powerhouse of the cell’ -folded inner membrane is called cristae FACTORY=generator/electricity PLANT CELLS ENERGY Plastids are a group of plant organelles that either store starches or lipids or contain pigments that give out color. i.e. chloroplast= green pigment, red rose= red pigment Chloroplasts- chloro=green -organelles of green plants that transform light energy into chemical energy. -they contain green pigment called chlorophyll, which traps energy from sunlight and gives plants their green color. SUPPORT Cell has a cytoskeleton to act as a support for organelles and to help transport substances throughout the cell. Composed of tiny fibers which help maintain cell shape (e.g. poles maintain shape of tent) MOVEMENT Cilia-tiny hairs e.g. windpipe Flagella-long, whiplike projection e.g. reproduction cell= -sperm has to travel a great distance (requiring a lot of energy), and it has to break open the egg so it can enter. Organelles it would have? ( )