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UNIT - 1
Structure and Physical Properties
a) Polarity and Dipolemoment: Hydrogen Bonding and its Applications and
Protic and Aprotic Solvents.
b) Tautomerism, Keto-enol Tautomerism.
c) Reaction Intermediates-Carbocations, carbanions and Free Radicals.
d) Attacking Reagents-electrophiles, Nucleophiles.
e) Acids and Bases: Lowry Bronsted and Lewis Theories.
f) An introduction to Isomerism.
UNIT - 2
Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
Alkanes, Alkenes, Dienes, Alkynes, Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Amides,
Amines, Phenols, Alkyl Halides, Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Acid Chlorides and
Cycloalkanes. Concept of Aromaticity, Huckel’s Rule, Nomenclature of
Aromatic Compounds.
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Free Radical Chain Reactions of Alkanes
Free Radical Chain Reactions of Alkanes-Mechanism, Relative Reactivity and
Stability.
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Alicyclic Compounds
Preparation of Cycloalkanes, Bayer’s Strain Theory, Theory of Stainless Ring,
Molecular Orbital Concept.
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Nucleophilic Aliphatic Substitution Mechanism
Nucleophiles and Leaving Groups, Kinetics of Second and First Order
Reaction. Mechanism and Stereochemistry of S N2 reaction, Mechanism and
Stereochemistry of SN1 Reaction. Rearrangement of Carbocation, S N2 versus
SN1 Reactions, Reactivity of Alkyl Halides in SN1 and SN2, Factors Affecting
SN1 and SN2.
UNIT - 6
Elimination Reactions
Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl Halides, 1, 2 Elimination, Kinetics, E 2, E1
Mechanisms, E2 versus E1, Elimination versus substitution. Dehydration of
Alcohols and its Mechanism, Orientation and Reactivity in E 2, E1. Saytzeff’s
and Hoffman’s Elimination.
UNIT - 7
Electrophilic Addition
Reactions at Carbon-Carbon Double Bond, Hydrogenation, Markovnikov’s
Rule, Addition of Hydrogen Halides, Addition of Hydrogen Bromides-
Peroxide Effect. Electrophilic Addition Mechanism. Mechanism of
Cycloaddition Reactions with Examples. Addition of Carbenes to Alkenes,
Diel’s Alder Reaction.
UNIT - 8
Theory of Resonance
Allyl Radical as a Resonance Hybrid, Stability and Orbital Picture. Resonance
Stabilization of Allyl Cations, Hyper Conjugation, Stability of Conjugated
Dienes, Mechanisms of 1, 2 and 1,4-additions with Examples, Effect of
Temperature on 1, 2 and 1,4-addition.
UNIT - 9
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitutions
Effect of Substituent Groups, Determination of Orientation, Determination of
Relative Reactivity, Classification of Substituent Groups, Mechanism of
Nitration, Sulphonation, Halogenation, Friedel Craft’s Alkylation and Friedel
Craft’s Acylation, Reactivity and Orientation, Activating and Deactivating (o,
m, p directing) Groups, Orientation and Synthesis, Orientation in
Disubstituted Benzenes, Theory of Reactivity, Theory of Orientation, Effects
of Halogens.
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Nucleophilic Additions in Aldehydes and Ketones
Nucleophilic Additions in Aldehydes and Ketones, Mechanisms with
Examples, Action of Grignard Reagent, Aldol Condensation, Crossed Aldol
Condensation, Claisen Condensation, Cannizaro, Crossed Cannizaro Reaction,
Benzoins, Perkins, Knoevenagels and Reformatsky Reaction.
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Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution in Carboxylic Acid Derivatives, Comparision
with Nucleophilic Addition Reaction, Ionization of Carboxylic Acids, Acidity
of Acids, Structure of Carboxylate Ion, Effect of Substituents on Acidity.
Conversion of Acids to Acid Chloride, Amide, Ester, Anhydrides.
UNIT - 12
Reactions of Aromatic Amines and Alcohols
Migration to Electron Deficient Nitrogen, Hofmanns, Beckmanns, Curtius, Smith,
Diazotisation and Diazonium Salts and its Applications, Sandmeyers Diazocoupling
Reactions. Basicity of Amines, Effect of Substituents on Basicity. Acidity of Phenols, Effect
of Substituents on Acidity. Kolbe’s Reaction, Reimer Tiemann Reaction, Fries
Rearrangement, Williamson’s Synthesis.