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Old Info You need to know I. Cellular Respiration? What is it? Formula ___________________________________ 2 types Aerobic vs __________ Alcoholic Fermentation-from ____________________ Lactic Acid-_____________ II. Enzymesex. ______ Affected by _________and _______________ CH 8 Cellular Transport and Cell Cycle I. DiffusionOsmosis- (3 types) 1. hypertonic solution- 2. Hypotonic solution- 3. Isotonic solution- II. Passive Transport1. Diffusion Active transport- Occurs 3 ways 2. Channel Proteins 3. Carrier Proteins (facilitated diffusion) How? (see p 199) III. Cell growth and reproduction Why not big cells? Chromosome structure p205 IV. Cell cycle Cycle has 2 steps 1. growth (inter___) and 2. division (Mitosis) Interphase has 3 parts (G1, S, G2) G1-__________, G2-__________, S-__________ See p 206 Mitosis (4 steps) PMAT 1. ________2. ________- 3. ________4. ________Last step Cytokinesis!! CH 9 cont.. Mendel and Genetics I. Mendel? Who… A. Monohybrid crosse F1, F2, P allleles are… B. Rule of dominance examples… C. Law of segregation D. Phenotypes vs Genotypes Homozygous vs Heterozygous Dominant vs Recessive examples… examples… examples…. E. Punnett Squares F. Dihybrid Crosses explained by law of independent assortment NOTES CH 12 Incomplete dominance RR X R’R’ = R’R Codominance-BB X WW = BW Multiple Alleles – blood types = i, IA, IB also pigeons also sickle cell Polygenic= plants AABBCC or skin color Environmental influences (external and internal) READ p 332 DNA CH 11 Importance of proteins! In 1950 scientists Hershey and Chase disproved theory that protein was genetic material, _______is! Ex _____________ I. DNA is composed of (3 Parts) 1. ________________ 2.________________ 3.________________ see p 282 Single ringed N Bases = Pyrimidines are C and T 2X ringed N Bases = Purines are A and G Scientists Watson and Crick proposed structure of DNA as a ____________, held together by H Bonds and __________ These complementary bases were A bonded w/ ____ G bonded w/ _______ II. DNA REPLICATION What is it? __________ When does it occur? _____ Where does it occur ______? See p 286 and Draw What does it produce? _______ III. DNA to protein DNA nucleotides make proteins RNA is different by 3 ways 1. ____stranded 2.sugar is a ______3.No “T” but ____ DNA provides instructions and translated by RNA into proteins 3 types of RNA: 1. mRNA=_____________2. rRNA=is ribosome that binds mRNA 3.tRNA=delivers the __________ IV. Protein Synthesis (2 steps) Step 1 Transcription-formation of mRNA from copy of DNA. Some letters are removed (introns). Important ones remain (exons). What happens? 1. enzyme unzips DNA 2.free nucleotides pair w/ comp base to form a mRNA (A-*U pair… there is no “T” and C-G pair) 3. mRNA moves into _________ and DNA zips up Drawing on Board! Each 3 letter sequence on mRNA is called _____ ex. AUG Step 2: TRANSLATION-process of reading mRNA to combine A.A’s to create proteins HOW? 1. ________ attaches to mRNA 2.A tRNA carrying A.A binds to mRNA on Ribosome 3. Second tRNA binds to mRNA and 1st A.A attaches w/ the second tRNA’s AA. 4. 1st mRNA leaves and another tRNA joins to mRNA 5. By linking A.A’s together you form a __________ Draw: tRNA is composed of three letter sequence called ____. This tRNA carries A.A (see chart p 292) AA of “start” AUG or meth begins translation and stop UAA or UGA obviously _______ translation DRAW V.Read 11.3 Genetic Mutations p 296-end