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P{11/27/11␣PPPP RNA and Protein Synthesis Notes Review DNA 1. What is a nucleotide? 2. What shape does DNA have? 3. What are the nitrogen bases in DNA? 4. Where do you find DNA? BASE PAIRING • 5. ADENINE –___________________(URACIL IN _____________) 6. GUANINE – ____________________ 11/27/11␣ • A–T • G–C Complete the DNA strand: RNA 7. _______________ ____________ 8. Contains ___________as its 5-carbon sugar 9. ___________ ______________-not double helix Nitrogen Bases are A, C, G, and U (Uracil) 10. NO ______________ in RNA!!!!! If you are looking at: A strand of bases and you are told to identify them as DNA or RNA, 11. IF you see_________________, you will KNOW that it is RNA!!! WHY TALK ABOUT PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 12. CELL FUNCTIONS DEPEND ON _____________________ (________________ _______________), WHICH ARE PROTEINS! 13. MOST SUBSTANCES MADE BY CELLS CONTAIN A ____________________. UNDERSTANDING THIS PROCESS, SCIENTISTS CAN MAKE CHANGES TO WHAT PROTEINS ARE PRODUCED (ANTIBIOTICS) PROTEIN REVIEW: 14. ____________________CHAINS OF _________ ________ (AA) 15. _______AMINO ACIDS 16. 2 THINGS MUST BE CORRECT FOR PROTEIN TO BE FUNCTIONAL 1. 2. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 17. THE CELL CAN MAKE THOUSANDS OF __________________PROTEINS OR THE CELL CAN MAKE THOUSANDS OF THE ______________ PROTEIN. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS STEPS 2 STEPS to making Proteins: 18. __________________________: Getting the information from the DNA copied onto a mRNA strand. 19. ___________________________: The mRNA strand goes out to a ribosome and builds a AA strand with the help of tRNA. THE CODE OF LIFE COMPARE TO ALPHABET (26 letters or units) 20. DNA’S CODE IS THE 4 NUCLEOTIDE BASES OF _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ ______________________ 21. _____________OF THESE BASES COME TOGETHER TO _____________FOR AN AMINO ACID. THE CODE OF LIFE 22. THREE BASES MAKE A ___________________. (THINK OF IT AS A 3 LETTER WORD MEANING A SPECIFIC AMINO ACID) • A CODON CODES FOR A SPECIFIC AA. THE CODE OF LIFE COMPARE TO THE ALPHABET CODE WE DISCUSSED. • EX. THE DOG CAN RUN 23. EACH LETTER IS A_______________ ____________. 24. EACH THREE LETTER WORD IS A CODON THAT CODES FOR A___________________ _________________ __________. 25. A STRING OF AMINO ACIDS MAKE A __________________ _____________________, JUST LIKE A STRING OF WORDS MAKE A SENTENCE. THE CODE OF LIFE 26. LETS SEE WHY THE __________________IS IMPORTANT! THE RUN CAN DOG ONE AMINO ACID CHANGE CAN CHANGE THE _____________________, JUST LIKE ONE WORD CAN CHANGE THE ________________________. THE CAT CAN RUN THE DOG CAN SIT THE DOG CAN HOP Amino Acids 27. There are _____ Amino Acids, but as you can see ________ combinations. 28. So, there are __________codons per amino acid. 29. Also ___________and _______________ codons. 3 kinds of RNA: 30._____________________________–makes up ribosomes 31. _____________________________ 32. _____________________________ Why do we need RNA? RNA is the key mechanism behind: 33. ____________________ _________________ Your characteristics are determined largely by the kinds of ___________________ your cells make out of ____________ ____________________. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 34. Where are proteins made? What organelle? 35. Where are ribosomes located? 36. Where are the directions for making proteins found? OK, if the directions are in the nucleus, but the ribosomes are in the cytoplasm or on the E.R., 37. How do the directions get to the ribosomes???? That’s why we need messenger RNA (mRNA) 38. ____________ is made in a process called ________________. 39. Transcription is “the process of ______________the ______ code onto a strand of mRNA” “ -scribe” means _______________so the code is copied or written onto mRNA during transcription mRNA 40. Is made from a ____________strand pattern. 41. DNA _________________just the section that codes the directions for the needed protein. RNA nucleotides come in and bind with the DNA nitrogen Bases So, transcription is 42. __________________ the mRNA code from a strand of DNA Occurs in the nucleus so the message can be sent from 43. DNA to the ______________________ 44. DNA never leaves _________________ Cool facts about mRNA 45. mRNA has a __________on one end and a ______________ on the other end. 46. There are parts that are not used caused _____________that are edited out before the mRNA gets to the ribosomes. 47.The _______________are the parts that are not edited out and thus used to make the protein. Now that we have our message, The mRNA can move through the nuclear pores to go to ribosome’s Ribosomes will “read” the mRNA to build a protein mRNA moves to ribosome mRNA is read 3 letters at a time—codons So,in our example, the first codon would be GUA Codons become important in the next step 7/11␣