Download Semester Study Guide

Biology
Jones 14/15
Fall Semester Study Guide
Answer all the following questions for full credit. This assignment will help guide you as to what
you need to know for the first semester final. If you complete these questions and study your
answers, you should be very successful on the final exam! Good Luck! 
1. List the six steps to the scientific method.
2. If I add eggs to my dog’s food, then their hair will be shinier.
a. What is the experimental variable?
b. What is the dependent variable?
3. How many variables should be tested during and experiment? Why?
4. As a scientist, when doing research, what should you form your questions based on?
5. What is an atom?
6. What three sub-atomic particles make up the atom? Where are they located in an atom (inside or
outside the nucleus)? What are their charges?
7. What subatomic particle is involved in bonding one atom with another atom?
8. What is an ion? How are ions formed?
9. What is pH? What does pH measure?
10. What is the definition of an acid?
11. What is the definition of a base?
12. Draw and label the pH scale?
13. What are the four macromolecules AND the monomers that build them?
14. What is a monomer?
15. Write a statement explaining the relationship between monomers and polymers.
16. What are two functions of carbohydrates?
17. What are three functions of lipids?
18. What are four functions of proteins?
19. What are two functions of nucleic acids?
20. What are enzymes? What do enzymes do and how do they do it?
21. What happens to an enzyme when it becomes denatured?
22. What are two ways in which an enzyme may become denatured?
23. How does a chain of amino acids interact to create the final structure of a protein, like an enzyme?
24. What two macromolecules make up the majority of the cell membrane?
25. What is the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane? What macromolecule does cholesterol
belong to?
26. What is the role of water in holding the cell membrane together in a bi-layer?
27. What is the Fluid Mosaic Model? What accounts for the “Fluid” component of this model? …the
“Mosaic” component?
28. What is the function of proteins embedded in the cell membrane?
29. List two differences between plant and animal cells?
30. List the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
31. Give one example of a prokaryotic cell and two examples of eukaryotic cells.
32. How are viruses different than prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
33. Provide a short description of the functions of the following organelles: nucleus, nucleolus, cell
membrane, mitochondria, ER, Golgi body, lysosome, vacuole (in plants and animals), chloroplast, cell
wall, ribosome, and cytoplasm,
34. Compare and contrast active and passive transport. Use the concepts of energy and concentration
gradient in your answer.
35. What could happen to a cell in a hypotonic solution? Hypertonic solution?
36. What type of solution is a cell in when it has reached dynamic equilibrium?
37. What is diffusion and how is it different than osmosis?
38. What types of organisms go through photosynthesis? Why do they do it?
39. What types of organisms go through cellular respiration? Why do they do it?
40. What are abiotic factors? Give 3 examples.
41. What are biotic factors? Give 3 examples.
42. What is a decomposer? Give an example.
43. What is a consumer? An herbivore? A carnivore? An omnivore? A scavenger?
44. What is a producer?
45. Write the equation for photosynthesis.
46. Write the equation for cellular respiration.
47. What is the job of chlorophyll? Where is chlorophyll located inside a chloroplast?
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From what molecule do we get the oxygen that we breathe?
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?
Explain both parts of this statement: “Plants don’t need us, but we need them.”
What is glycolysis?
In the above reaction, what is glucose converted to?
List two reasons why photosynthesis is important to our lives.
What is an energy pyramid and what is each level of an energy pyramid called?
55. How much energy is transferred from one organism to the next in a food chain and what are two ways
in which energy is lost as it is transferred from one trophic level to the next?
56. What is the relationship between food chains and food webs?
57. What are three sources of vapor in the water cycle?
58. What process coverts these 3 sources of water vapor back into liquid water to form precipitation?
59. What are two molecules produced in photosynthesis that are used in cellular respiration that are seen
flowing through the carbon cycle?
60. What are two reasons why living organisms rely on nitrogen cycling through an ecosystem?