Download Chapter 12 Study Guide

 Know ALL the vocabulary for the Chapter (sections 1-4)
 Be sure to review the text, class notes, labs and worksheets that have
been handed out for this test! Ignoring any of these areas, will negatively
affect your performance on the test!!!!!!!!!!
 Review the key concepts below: These are simply guidelines and to be used
in conjunction with other material and not “instead of” the other material!!
12-1
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Know the different scientific experiment that led to the discovery that
DNA was the transforming factor (Griffith, Hershey and Chase, Avery)
Hershey and Chase—DNA was the transforming factor…concluded this
because DNA was the only part found in the bacteria. (Used radioactive
labeled bacteriophages—viruses)
Rosalind Franklin worked with X-ray diffraction
Chargaff’s rules: A-T and C-G…percent purines = percent pyrimidines
Know the structure and components of a nucleotide
Know the difference between and purine and pyrimidine
Know the each half of the DNA molecule is complimentary
Review Griffith’s experiment (figure 12-2)…what happened and what was
his conclusion?
Study figure 12-7…its on the test!
12-2
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DNA replication = DNA is copied into 2 identical strands that are
identical—(semi-conservative part old/part new)
Know the structure of a chromosome supercoiling…DNA coils around
histone proteins and forms a nucleosome…see figure 12-10.
Be able to show that you know how base pairing works
Know the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA replication.
DNA contains 2 copies of each gene.
DNA replication proceeds in both directions in Eukaryotes, and in many
spots at a time.
Know the 5’ and 3’ ends on the DNA…3’ is naked (no phosphate), and the 5’
in the end with the phosphate group.
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Helicase and DNA polymerase are enzymes needed for DNA replication.
Each has a different job…what do they do?
12-3
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The genetic code is the order of nitrogen bases of the nucleotides
Be sure you know how to read the “genetic code”…figure 12-17. The
code is on the mRNA. (On the test)
Given a DNA strand nitrogen bases, be able to:
o Figure the mRNA
o Figure the tRNA
o translate the code into the amino acid sequence
3 codons code for “stop”
AUG codes for methionine which means “start”
RNA is single stranded, has a ribose sugar, and Uracil instead of
thymine.
64 possible codons for the 20 amino acids. Some amino acids have
several codons.
Codons and anticodons are read in “3s”
Genes are instructions for assembling proteins
ALL RNA is transcribed from DNA. ALL RNA is involved in protein
synthesis.
The type of amino acid that is added in translation depends on the
codon in the mRNA and the anticodon on the tRNA.
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.
Know the role and function of the 3 types of RNA (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA)
Know the difference between DNA and RNA in structure, function,
location, and involvement in transcription and translation.
Memorize and understand the parts and process in Figure 12-18. Be
able to match concepts with the diagram. (On the test)
Anticodon is the compliment to the codon.
12-4
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Memorize and study the examples of chromosomal mutations in Figure
12-20. This diagram is on the Test.
Single nucleotide mutation is a point mutation
Frameshift mutation is caused be a deletion or duplication of a
nucleotide.
Understand the difference between a gene and a chromosomal
mutation.