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Transcript
7ACC Looking Inside Cells “Cell Structure” An Overview of Cells Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. (That means all living things are made of one or more cells!) Cells form the parts of an organism and carry out all of an organism’s processes or functions. Living things are organized! Just like your house is part of your block, and your block is part of Massapequa, and Massapequa is part of New York State, and New York State is part of the United States….. ….cells are part of larger things, which are part of larger things. We call this “levels of organization.” Organelles are smaller structures within each cell that perform certain functions. Just like your stomach and brain have different functions in your body … organelles have different jobs within the cell. Surrounding the Cell Cell Membrane – forms the outer boundary in animal cells , (located inside the cell wall in plants) Cell Membrane controls what substances go into and out of the cell… the “gatekeeper” of the cell Cell Membrane is semi permeable, allowing some things to pass through but not others (based on size) Explain what semi permeable means and give an example of something that is semi permeable. The “Center” of the Cell (contains the Nucleus) Nucleus – a large oval structure Nucleus is the cell’s control center, directing all of the cell’s activities Nuclear Envelope or Nuclear Membrane – surrounds and protects the nucleus and allows materials to pass into and out of the nucleus through pores (tiny openings) Chromatin (Chromosomes) –located inside the nucleus, these strands of genetic material: (Genes, DNA, and Chromosomes) contain the instructions for all the cells functions Organelles in the Cytoplasm Cytoplasm – located between the cell membrane and the nucleus Gel-like fluid that is always moving Contains many cell organelles Mitochondria – rod-shaped structures The “mighty mitochondria” are the “powerhouses” of the cell that convert energy in food molecules to energy that the cell can use to carry on its functions Endoplasmic Reticulum – a maze of passageways The “ER’s” passageways carry proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another Small ribosomes may be attached to its surface Ribosomes – small round structures attached to some surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum or floating free in the cytoplasm Ribosomes function as factories to produce proteins These proteins are released through the wall of the “ER” or passed from the inside of the “ER” to the Golgi bodies Golgi bodies – structure looks like flattened sacs and tubes The “mailroom” of the cell Golgi bodies receive proteins and other newly formed materials from the “ER”, package them and distribute them to other parts of the cell or release them to the outside of the cell How do Ribosomes, Golgi bodies and the Endoplasmic Reticulum work together? Vacuoles – are the storage areas of the cell Vacuoles can store food ,water, or wastes Most plant cells have one large vacuole Some animal cells have vacuoles and others do not Lysosomes – small round structures that contain chemicals that break down certain materials in the cell Lysosomes break large food particles into smaller ones Lysosomes break down old cell parts and recycle materials Lysosomes are the “cleanup crew” of the cell Structures found ONLY in Plant Cells Cell Wall – this rigid (stiff) layer of nonliving material surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms Cell Wall helps to protect and support the cell Cell Wall is mostly made of a strong material called cellulose, but it can let many materials like water and oxygen pass through Describe the difference between the outside of a plant cell and the outside of an animal cell. Chloroplasts – large green structures found mostly in plants Chloroplasts capture energy from the sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell The green enzyme chlorophyll gives plants their green color Check yourself … fill in the organelles the fun Organelle/Structure Function / Description Found in plant cells /supports and protects cell Controls what goes in and out of the cell “Control center” of the cell …directs activities of the cell Surrounds the nucleus and controls what goes in and out Strands of genetic material found in nucleus The “powerhouses” of the cell /convert food to usable energy Contains chemicals to break down food particles / cell parts Stores food water and wastes Captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food Packages and distributes protein and other materials Found on ER and in cytoplasm / produce protein Passageways that carry proteins and other materials Gel –like fluid found throughout the cell / contains organelles Compare the general shape of plant and animal cells. Compare the size and number of vacuoles in plant and animal cells. Why would animal cells have more mitochondria than plant cells? Put a check mark in the box if the structure present Cell Structure cell membrane cell wall chloroplast cytoplasm “ER” Golgi bodies lysosomes mitochondria nucleus ribosome vacuole Plant cells Animal cells Both Plant& Animal Which structures are found only in plant cells? Specialized Cells Cells within a certain plant or certain animal are different from one another Different cells have different functions and their structure is determined by the job they have Bone Cells have chemicals to strengthen them Nerve cells are structured to carry messages Red blood cells are structured to carry oxygen through tiny blood vessels Cells in your body look and function differently. Do you think they all have the same set of instructions? Why or why not? Organization In Living Things (from part to whole) In many celled organisms cells are organized into tissues, organs and organ systems: Organelles – are small structures that perform jobs within the cell Cells – are the basic units of structure and function in living things and the smallest structure capable of carrying on all of life’s processes Tissues - are groups of cells that performs a particular function (e.g. Muscle) Organs - are groups of tissues working together to do a job (e.g. heart, lungs, kidneys, brain) Organ Systems - are made of several organs working together to carry out a life process (e.g. Digestive System for breaking down food) Organisms – are made of many organ systems working together (e.g. trees, humans, fish) Organelles Cells Tissue Organs Organ Systems Organisms Organelles Cells Tissue Organs Use the words above to label the circles below! Organ Systems Organisms 1 is the simplest and 6 is the most complex! 6 5 4 3 2 1 Time to Think! # 1 2 3 4 5 6 Correct Organization Level Word Tissue Make sure to list things from the simplest (1) to the most complex (6)!