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Name:______________________ Biology 42 Final Review Packet (revised 2014) Chapter 10: Cell Growth and Division Big ideas Growth, development and reproduction Terms: Cell division Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Chromosome Chromatin Chromatid Cell cycle Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Growth factors Cancer Tumor Embryo Differentiation Stem cell Totipotent Pluripotent Multipotent Key Concepts 1. How do asexual and sexual reproduction compare? 2. Why does cell division occur? (Three reasons) 3. What are the main events of the cell cycle? Describe what happens in each stage. 4. How is the cell cycle regulated? 5. What is different about cancer cells compared to other cells? 6. What is differentiation? Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics Terms Genetics Gregor Mendel Fertilization Hybrid Alleles vs. Genes Gamete Principle of dominance Law of Segregation Homozygous Heterozygous Dominant Recessive Law of Independent Assortment Incomplete dominance Codominance Polygenic inheritance Genotype Phenotype Homologous Diploid Haploid Meiosis Tetrad Crossing-over Zygote Key Concepts 1. Be able to perform a monohybrid and dihybrid cross using a Punnett square. 2. Who was Mendel and what did he do to help our understanding of genetics? 3. How do alleles segregate when more than one gene is involved? 4. How is meiosis different from mitosis? 5. What events occur during each phase of meiosis? Chapter 12 DNA Big Ideas 1. Information and heredity 2. Cellular basis of life Terms Transformation Bacteriophage Base pairing Double helix Nucleotide Replication DNA polymerase Telomere Deoxyribose Complementary base pair DNA Helicase Key Concepts 1. Who were the scientists responsible for discovering that DNA was the heredity material? 2. Who were the scientists that helped discover the structure of DNA? 3. What is the role of DNA in heredity? 4. What does the structure of DNA look like? 5. How does DNA replicate? Remember to include important enzymes that play a role in DNA replication. Chapter 13 RNA and Protein Synthesis Big Ideas 1. Information and Heredity 2. From DNA to Protein Terms RNA Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA RNA polymerase Intron Exon Polypeptide Codon Transcription Translation Anticodon Mutation Point mutation Frameshift mutation Key Concepts 1. What are the three types of RNA involved with protein synthesis? 2. How are RNA and DNA different? 3. How does the cell make RNA? 3. Describe the role transcription and translation. 4. What are mutations? How do mutations affect genes? Chapter 14 Human Heredity Big Idea 1. Information and Heredity 2. Using genetics to study inheritance Terms Genome Karyotype Sex chromosomes Autosome Sex-linked gene Pedigree Nondisjunction Sickle cell anemia Cystic fibrosis Huntington’s Restriction enzymes Gel electrophoresis Key Concepts 1. What is a karyotype? 2. Be able analyze or make a pedigree based on information given. What represented females? Males? 3. Be able to complete Punnett squares that involve diseases that are located on the X chromosome. 4. What are the effects of errors in meiosis? 5. List two genetic disorders that result from nondisjunction. 6. What techniques are used to study human DNA? Chapter 15 Genetic Engineering Big Ideas 1. Science as a way of knowing Terms Selective breeding Recombinant DNA Transgenic organism Cloning Key Concepts 1. What is a transgenic organism? 2. How does electrophoresis work? 3. What are some potential uses of cloning? What are some problems with cloning? Chapter 16 Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Big Ideas 1. Evolution 2. Natural selection Terms Evolution Fossil Artificial selection Adaptation Acquired characteristic Fitness Natural selection Biogeography Homologous structure Analogous structure Vestigial structure Key Concepts 1. Who was Charles Darwin and what kinds of observations did he make as he sailed around the world on the H.M.S. Beagle? 2. How did Hutton, Lyell and Lamarck shape Darwin’s thinking? 3. Describe Darwin’s four points of natural selection. 4. What did Lamarck believe about evolution? Why was his hypothesis wrong? 5. Describe how fitness and adaptation fit together. 6. Describe three ways how we have evidence that evolution has occurred and is still occurring today. Chapter 17 Evolution of Populations Big Ideas 1. Evolution 2. Populations evolving to form new species Terms Gene pool Allele frequency Single gene trait Polygenic trait Directional selection Stabilizing selection Disruptive selection Genetic drift Bottleneck effect Founder effect Sexual selection Genetic equilibrium Species Speciation Reproductive isolation Behavorial isolation Geographic isolation Temporal isolation Key Concepts 1. What are the sources of genetic variation? 2. How does natural selection affect a single gene and polygenic traits? 3. What conditions are required to maintain genetic equilibrium? 4. What types of isolation lead to the formation of new species? 4. Where do new genes come from? Primate Evolution Section 26.3 Terms Primate Binocular vision Prehensile tail Bipedal Opposable thumbs Anthropoid Hominoid Australopithecines The Genus Homo Lucy Opposable thumbs Hominine Key Concepts 1. What characteristics do all primates share? 2. How do Nonhuman primates compare with early Hominines? 3. How do early hominines compare with the Homo species? 4. Who was Lucy? Why does she help scientists understand more about human evolution? Chapter 18 Classification Big Ideas 1. Unity and Diversity of Life 2. Classification of living organisms Terms Binomial nomenclature Genus Systematics Taxon/ taxa Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Phylogeny Clade Monophyletic group Cladogram Derived character Domain Archaea Eukarya Key Concepts 1. How did Linnaeus group species into larger taxa? 2. Explain where a derived character would be placed in a cladogram. 3. List all the levels of taxa starting from the MOST INCLUSIVE (includes a wide variety of organisms) and ending in the least inclusive. 4. What are the six kingdoms of life? Chapter 19 History of Life Big Ideas 1. Evolution Terms Extinct Paleontologist Radiometric dating Half-life Geologic time scale Era Period Plate tectonics Gradualism Punctuated equilibrium Adaptive radiation Coevolution Endosymbiotic theory Key Concepts 1. How do scientists determine the age of a fossil? 2. Explain the two models that helped form the basic chemicals of life. Which model is accepted? 3. What animals were the first to successfully live on land? 4. What happened during the Cambrian explosion? 5. What enabled organisms to live on land? Chapter 20 Viruses and Prokaryotes Big Ideas 1. Cellular Basis of Life Terms Virus Capsid Bacteriophage Lytic cycle Lysogenic cycle Prophage Retrovirus Prokaryote Bacillus Coccus Spirillum Binary fission Endospore Conjugation Pathogen Vaccine Antibiotics Emergent disease Prion Key Concepts 1. How do viruses reproduce? 2. What happens after a virus infects a cell? 3. What is the difference between a lytic and a lysogenic cycle? 4. What role do prokaryotes play in the living world? 5. How do prokaryotes vary in their structure? 6. How do bacteria and viruses cause disease?