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Biology 42 Final Review Packet (revised 2014)
Chapter 10: Cell Growth and Division
Big ideas
Growth, development and reproduction
Terms:
Cell division
Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Chromosome
Chromatin
Chromatid
Cell cycle
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Growth factors
Cancer
Tumor
Embryo
Differentiation
Stem cell
Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent
Key Concepts
1. How do asexual and sexual reproduction compare?
2. Why does cell division occur? (Three reasons)
3. What are the main events of the cell cycle? Describe what happens in each stage.
4. How is the cell cycle regulated?
5. What is different about cancer cells compared to other cells?
6. What is differentiation?
Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics
Terms
Genetics
Gregor Mendel
Fertilization
Hybrid
Alleles vs. Genes
Gamete
Principle of dominance
Law of Segregation
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Dominant
Recessive
Law of Independent Assortment
Incomplete dominance
Codominance
Polygenic inheritance
Genotype
Phenotype
Homologous
Diploid
Haploid
Meiosis
Tetrad
Crossing-over
Zygote
Key Concepts
1. Be able to perform a monohybrid and dihybrid cross using a Punnett square.
2. Who was Mendel and what did he do to help our understanding of genetics?
3. How do alleles segregate when more than one gene is involved?
4. How is meiosis different from mitosis?
5. What events occur during each phase of meiosis?
Chapter 12 DNA
Big Ideas
1. Information and heredity
2. Cellular basis of life
Terms
Transformation
Bacteriophage
Base pairing
Double helix
Nucleotide
Replication
DNA polymerase
Telomere
Deoxyribose
Complementary base pair
DNA Helicase
Key Concepts
1. Who were the scientists responsible for discovering that DNA was the heredity material?
2. Who were the scientists that helped discover the structure of DNA?
3. What is the role of DNA in heredity?
4. What does the structure of DNA look like?
5. How does DNA replicate? Remember to include important enzymes that play a role in DNA
replication.
Chapter 13 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Big Ideas
1. Information and Heredity
2. From DNA to Protein
Terms
RNA
Messenger RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Transfer RNA
RNA polymerase
Intron
Exon
Polypeptide
Codon
Transcription
Translation
Anticodon
Mutation
Point mutation
Frameshift mutation
Key Concepts
1. What are the three types of RNA involved with protein synthesis?
2. How are RNA and DNA different?
3. How does the cell make RNA?
3. Describe the role transcription and translation.
4. What are mutations? How do mutations affect genes?
Chapter 14 Human Heredity
Big Idea
1. Information and Heredity
2. Using genetics to study inheritance
Terms
Genome
Karyotype
Sex chromosomes
Autosome
Sex-linked gene
Pedigree
Nondisjunction
Sickle cell anemia
Cystic fibrosis
Huntington’s
Restriction enzymes
Gel electrophoresis
Key Concepts
1. What is a karyotype?
2. Be able analyze or make a pedigree based on information given. What represented females?
Males?
3. Be able to complete Punnett squares that involve diseases that are located on the X
chromosome.
4. What are the effects of errors in meiosis?
5. List two genetic disorders that result from nondisjunction.
6. What techniques are used to study human DNA?
Chapter 15 Genetic Engineering
Big Ideas
1. Science as a way of knowing
Terms
Selective breeding
Recombinant DNA
Transgenic organism
Cloning
Key Concepts
1. What is a transgenic organism?
2. How does electrophoresis work?
3. What are some potential uses of cloning? What are some problems with cloning?
Chapter 16 Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Big Ideas
1. Evolution
2. Natural selection
Terms
Evolution
Fossil
Artificial selection
Adaptation
Acquired characteristic
Fitness
Natural selection
Biogeography
Homologous structure
Analogous structure
Vestigial structure
Key Concepts
1. Who was Charles Darwin and what kinds of observations did he make as he sailed around the
world on the H.M.S. Beagle?
2. How did Hutton, Lyell and Lamarck shape Darwin’s thinking?
3. Describe Darwin’s four points of natural selection.
4. What did Lamarck believe about evolution? Why was his hypothesis wrong?
5. Describe how fitness and adaptation fit together.
6. Describe three ways how we have evidence that evolution has occurred and is still occurring
today.
Chapter 17 Evolution of Populations
Big Ideas
1. Evolution
2. Populations evolving to form new species
Terms
Gene pool
Allele frequency
Single gene trait
Polygenic trait
Directional selection
Stabilizing selection
Disruptive selection
Genetic drift
Bottleneck effect
Founder effect
Sexual selection
Genetic equilibrium
Species
Speciation
Reproductive isolation
Behavorial isolation
Geographic isolation
Temporal isolation
Key Concepts
1. What are the sources of genetic variation?
2. How does natural selection affect a single gene and polygenic traits?
3. What conditions are required to maintain genetic equilibrium?
4. What types of isolation lead to the formation of new species?
4. Where do new genes come from?
Primate Evolution Section 26.3
Terms
Primate
Binocular vision
Prehensile tail
Bipedal
Opposable thumbs
Anthropoid
Hominoid
Australopithecines
The Genus Homo
Lucy
Opposable thumbs
Hominine
Key Concepts
1. What characteristics do all primates share?
2. How do Nonhuman primates compare with early Hominines?
3. How do early hominines compare with the Homo species?
4. Who was Lucy? Why does she help scientists understand more about human evolution?
Chapter 18 Classification
Big Ideas
1. Unity and Diversity of Life
2. Classification of living organisms
Terms
Binomial nomenclature
Genus
Systematics
Taxon/ taxa
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Phylogeny
Clade
Monophyletic group
Cladogram
Derived character
Domain
Archaea
Eukarya
Key Concepts
1. How did Linnaeus group species into larger taxa?
2. Explain where a derived character would be placed in a cladogram.
3. List all the levels of taxa starting from the MOST INCLUSIVE (includes a wide variety of organisms)
and ending in the least inclusive.
4. What are the six kingdoms of life?
Chapter 19 History of Life
Big Ideas
1. Evolution
Terms
Extinct
Paleontologist
Radiometric dating
Half-life
Geologic time scale
Era
Period
Plate tectonics
Gradualism
Punctuated equilibrium
Adaptive radiation
Coevolution
Endosymbiotic theory
Key Concepts
1. How do scientists determine the age of a fossil?
2. Explain the two models that helped form the basic chemicals of life. Which model is accepted?
3. What animals were the first to successfully live on land?
4. What happened during the Cambrian explosion?
5. What enabled organisms to live on land?
Chapter 20 Viruses and Prokaryotes
Big Ideas
1. Cellular Basis of Life
Terms
Virus
Capsid
Bacteriophage
Lytic cycle
Lysogenic cycle
Prophage
Retrovirus
Prokaryote
Bacillus
Coccus
Spirillum
Binary fission
Endospore
Conjugation
Pathogen
Vaccine
Antibiotics
Emergent disease
Prion
Key Concepts
1. How do viruses reproduce?
2. What happens after a virus infects a cell?
3. What is the difference between a lytic and a lysogenic cycle?
4. What role do prokaryotes play in the living world?
5. How do prokaryotes vary in their structure?
6. How do bacteria and viruses cause disease?