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Genetics Key Terms Match the following terms with their definitions by writing the corresponding number of a term in the box with its definition. Terms Definitions 1. Allele for the dominant trait A specific sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait (e.g. eye colour) 2. Allele for the recessive trait Having two copies of the same allele (e.g. AA or aa) 3. Gregor Mendel Having one set of chromosomes 4. Chromosome A diagram used to predict the results of reproduction between different organisms 5. Gene Cell division in which one cell divides to produce daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell 6. Karyotype Characteristics that are not clearly defined e.g. height) 7. Haploid A structure that makes up proteins. One codon will help produce one amino acid. 8. Diploid A diagram showing all the different chromosomes we have 9. Mitosis Manipulating DNA to change the genes within an organism 10. Meiosis The process of DNA copying itself. First the double helix must unwind, the two strands ‘unzip’ and complementary bases are added to the two strands to create two new strands. 11. Allele The process of identifying individuals based on their DNA. It can be used to determine the parents of a child or help solve criminal cases. 12. Homozygous or purebreeding A small piece of DNA with a sequence of bases identical to a piece of DNA that we want to examine. This probe can be used to extract the DNA of interest. 13. Heterozygous or hybrid Different forms of the same gene (e.g. you may have one for blue eyes and one for brown eyes) 14. Genotype Organisms whose genes have been changed artificially 15. Phenotype When a trait is carried on an X or Y chromosome 16. Punnett Square The combination of genes an individual has (e.g. Bb) 17. Co-dominance A ‘map’ of all the genetic material in humans 18. Incomplete dominance The phenotype of an offspring is a combination of the phenotypes of the heterozygous organisms – i.e. the offspring shows both characteristics for a particular trait. For example, a pure red cow (RR) is crossed with a pure white cow (WW), producing a ‘roan’ cow (RW) which is both red and white. 19. Continuous variation A diagram used to trace the inheritance of traits through a family. 20. Discontinuous The allele that is masked by the dominant allele. An individual needs two copies variation of this allele for it to be expressed (seen in the phenotype) 21. Pedigree Removing some DNA or genes from an individual, changing it, and putting it back in the same person. 22. Sex-linked inheritance Having two sets of chromosomes 23. DNA Purposely breeding organisms that have favourable traits 24. DNA replication The physical characteristics of an individual (e.g. brown hair) 25. Codon Producing an organism from a single cell. One body cell is taken from an organism and used to produce a new individual. 26. Amino acid An agent that increases the risk of mutation (e.g. radiation) 27. Gene expression The heterozygous offspring has a phenotype that is a mixture between the phenotypes of the two homozygous organisms. For example, a red snapdragon (R1R1) crossed with a white snapdragon (R2R2) produces a pink snapdragon (R1R2) 28. Mutation A set of three nitrogenous bases 29. Mutagen The allele that masks the effect of the recessive allele. An individual only needs one copy of this allele for it to be expressed (see in the phenotype) 30. Selective breeding An organism that has had a new gene inserted into their DNA 31. Genetic engineering Cell division in which one cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells 32. Genetically modified A spontaneous change in a gene or chromosome 33. Transgenic Having two different alleles (e.g.Aa) 34. Gene probe The appearance of characteristics in an organism that are coded for by genes 35. DNA fingerprinting Characteristics that are clearly defined. For example, you are either left-handed, right-handed or ambidextrous. You are either albino or not. 36. Cloning Structures within the nucleus of cells that are made up of DNA 37. Gene therapy A chemical that makes up chromosomes and determines the particular traits we have (i.e. what we look like) 38. Human genome The ‘father’ of genetics. His experiments on pea plants are responsible for much of our knowledge of genetics. Genetics Key Terms: Answers Terms Definitions 1. Allele for the dominant trait The allele that masks the effect of the recessive allele. An individual only needs one copy of this allele for it to be expressed (see in the phenotype) 2. Allele for the recessive trait The allele that is masked by the dominant allele. An individual needs two copies of this allele for it to be expressed (seen in the phenotype) 3. Gregor Mendel The ‘father’ of genetics. His experiments on pea plants are responsible for much of our knowledge of genetics. 4. Chromosome 5. Gene 6. Karyotype Structures within the nucleus of cells that are made up of DNA A specific sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait (e.g. eye colour) A diagram showing all the different chromosomes we have 7. Haploid Having one set of chromosomes 8. Diploid Having two sets of chromosomes 9. Mitosis Cell division in which one cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells 10. Meiosis Cell division in which one cell divides to produce daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell 11. Allele 12. Homozygous or purebreeding 13. Heterozygous or hybrid Different forms of the same gene (e.g. you may have one for blue eyes and one for brown eyes) Having two copies of the same allele (e.g. AA or aa) Having two different alleles (e.g.Aa) 14. Genotype The combination of genes an individual has (e.g. Bb) 15. Phenotype The physical characteristics of an individual (e.g. brown hair) 16. Punnett Square A diagram used to predict the results of reproduction between different organisms 17. Co-dominance The phenotype of an offspring is a combination of the phenotypes of the heterozygous organisms – i.e. the offspring shows both characteristics for a particular trait. For example, a pure red cow (RR) is crossed with a pure white cow (WW), producing a ‘roan’ cow (RW) which is both red and white. 18. Incomplete dominance 19. Continuous variation 20. Discontinuous variation 21. Pedigree The heterozygous offspring has a phenotype that is a mixture between the phenotypes of the two homozygous organisms. For example, a red snapdragon (R1R1) crossed with a white snapdragon (R2R2) produces a pink snapdragon (R1R2) Characteristics that are not clearly defined e.g. height) Characteristics that are clearly defined. For example, you are either left-handed, right-handed or ambidextrous. You are either albino or not. A diagram used to trace the inheritance of traits through a family. 22. Sex-linked inheritance When a trait is carried on an X or Y chromosome 23. DNA A chemical that makes up chromosomes and determines the particular traits we have (i.e. what we look like) 24. DNA replication The process of DNA copying itself. First the double helix must unwind, the two strands ‘unzip’ and complementary bases are added to the two strands to create two new strands. 25. Codon A set of three nitrogenous bases 26. Amino acid A structure that makes up proteins. One codon will help produce one amino acid. 27. Gene expression The appearance of characteristics in an organism that are coded for by genes 28. Mutation A spontaneous change in a gene or chromosome 29. Mutagen An agent that increases the risk of mutation (e.g. radiation) 30. Selective breeding Purposely breeding organisms that have favourable traits 31. Genetic engineering Manipulating DNA to change the genes within an organism 32. Genetically modified Organisms whose genes have been changed artificially 33. Transgenic An organism that has had a new gene inserted into their DNA 34. Gene probe A small piece of DNA with a sequence of bases identical to a piece of DNA that we want to examine. This probe can be used to extract the DNA of interest. 35. DNA fingerprinting 36. Cloning 37. Gene therapy 38. Human genome The process of identifying individuals based on their DNA. It can be used to determine the parents of a child or help solve criminal cases. Producing an organism from a single cell. One body cell is taken from an organism and used to produce a new individual. Removing some DNA or genes from an individual, changing it, and putting it back in the same person. A ‘map’ of all the genetic material in humans