Download Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function

Name: __________________________ Hour: ______
Chapter 7 Notes: Cell Structure and Function
7-1 Life Is Cellular
Key Concepts:
What is the Cell Theory?
How do microscopes work?
How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes different?
Cell Theory
First _____________________ wasn’t invented until the early
1600’s (Leeuwenhock, Hooke)
By the 1800’s all the discoveries made by all scientists using the
microscope were summarized in the ___________________
__________________________
The Cell Theory States the following:
1. All living things are ___________________________________________
2. Cells are the _______________________________________________________________
in living things
3. New cells ____________________________________________________________.
Basic Cell Structure
Structures common to MOST cells
1. ___________________________ - that surrounds the cell
2. ____________________________ - containing the cell’s genetic material
3. ____________________________ - the material inside the cell membrane but outside the
nucleus. Contains organelles.
PRO versus EU
Biologists divide cells into two categories
1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
The cells of ____________________ have a __________________,
but the cells of prokaryotes do not.
Prokaryotes
1. _________________ and ________________ but carry out all activities associated with life.
2. Have cell membrane and cytoplasm but ________________________________________ is
__________________________________ in the nucleus (______ ____________________)
Example: __________________________
1
Eukaryotes
1. __________ ____ __________________, cell membrane and cytoplasm
2. Also _________________________________ that are specialized structures that perform
important cellular functions.
Comparing Cells
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
7-2: Cell Structures
Key Concept: What are the functions of the major cell structures?
Cell Organization
________________:
Controller - directs most ______________________________________ and contains the
_____________________________________ of ___________
Contains structures called ______________________ which are made of DNA
Most contain another organelle: the _________________________ (assembles ___________________)
Organelles that Store, Clean Up and Support
_______________________: small organelles filled with _________________ that ______________
cell “food” into particles that can be used to build structures for the cell.
_______________________: saclike structures used for ______________ in cells. In plants they are
very large.
_______________________: Network of _______________________________________ that help the
cell to maintain its _________________. Also involved with _______________________.


_______________________________ - Responsible for ________________________________
_______________________________ - Maintain ______________________
- Assists in _____________________
- Build __________ and ___________________
2
Organelles that Build Proteins
_____________________: site of protein synthesis
_______________________ __________________ (ER): components of the cell membrane are
assembles here and some proteins are modified.
Two Types
___________________ (studded with ribosomes and produce proteins)
___________________ (contains enzymes and may produce lipids)
_____________________________ a stack of membranes that _____________ carbohydrates and lipids
to proteins. The modified proteins are then ________ to their final destination.
Organelles That Capture and Release Energy
_______________________: Found in plants. Use energy from the sung to make energy-rich food
molecules through ___________________________.
_______________________: Organelles that ______________ ______________ _________ stored
____________ molecules into high-energy compounds that the cell can use for growth, development,
and movement. Found in all eukaryotic cells.
Cellular Boundaries
_____________________: Main function of to provide ___________ and __________________ for
the cell.
Found in plants, fungi, and _________________________. Made of carbohydrate and protein.
_________________________________ - Surrounds the cell. Regulates _________________________
_________________________ the cell.
3
The Factory Analogy
If the cell is like a factory, then what jobs would each of the organelles do?
Cell Wall Nucleus Ribosomes ER Golgi Apparatus Chloroplast Mitochondria Lysosome Vacuole -
What are the Differences between Animal and Plant Cells?
(See page 206-207 of your Textbook)
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
4
7-3: Cell Transport
•
•
________________________________ - _______________ what ______________________________
______________________ the cell and also provides ________________________________________.
Made of a ________________________________ sheet of ______________.
Passive Transport
Diffusion:
As molecules move about, they bang into each other. They ___________________
an area of ___________ concentration to an area of ________________
concentration.
• Diffusion causes many substances to move across the cell membrane.
Facilitated Diffusion:
•_________________ molecules _________________________ across the
cell membrane due to their __________________ ___________ or “
________________.”
•Sometimes ________________ in the cell membrane “_________” or
facilitate the movement of large molecules like glucose.
•The cell uses ______________________. It is still __________________.
•These ____________________________________ also help ions to move
across the cell membrane. Ions can’t simply diffuse across the membrane
because of their charge.
5
Osmosis:
• It is the ___________________ _____ ________________ through a selectively permeable membrane
• Not all substances can pass through the cell membrane … it is ____________________!!
• Water will continue to move across a cell membrane until _________________________ is reached.
•
Cells naturally contain salts, sugars, proteins, and other materials.
•
When ________ of these materials _____________________ the cell _______ there is ______________ of
the cell, the surrounding area is ______________________ to the cell.
•
Water wants to diffuse into the cell.
•
In large organisms (you), the fluids __________________the cell have the same concentration of materials
__________________________________ of the cell.
•
This is called _______________________.
•
Other cells and organisms that live in freshwater have various mechanisms for keeping the water out.
•
Only a few organisms can survive in water that has a very ____________ _______________________ of
salts or other solutes _________________ _____ the concentration _________________ the cell.
•
This is called ________________________.
6
• In the space below, draw the three conditions we have just discussed: hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic.
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Active Transport
•Used to move materials ______________ a ____________________________
difference
•_____________________________ (active)
• Molecular Transport:
–
–
–
________________ ____________ move particles by _______________
in protein __________.
Uses ______________
Moves:
• ____________ _________________ moving _____________ the
concentration gradient
• ____________
• Bulk Transport: Moves really __________________
–
–
–
__________________________: making a ______________________________ in the cell membrane
creating a vacuole.
__________________________: changing the _______________ of the cell membrane to
______________________ a food particle.
__________________________: surrounding material IN the cell and ________________________
____ __________. Opposite of endocytosis.
7
7-4: Homeostasis and Cells
•Important Ideas:
- How do individual cells maintain homeostasis?
- How do the cells of multicellular organisms work together to maintain homeostasis?
Unicellular Organisms
•Sometimes a ____________________________________________________________.
•May be a prokaryote or a eukaryote
Multicellular Organisms
•Cells are ___________________________
•Cells become _________________________, or do specific jobs in the organism
•Cells _________________________ with one another to maintain homeostasis
Levels of Organization
•The levels of organization in a _______________________ _____________________ are individual cells,
tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Cellular Communication
• Cells in a large organism ________________________ by means of __________________
__________________ that are passed from one cell to another.
• To respond to these chemical signals, a cell must have a ___________________ to which the signaling
molecule can _____________.
8