Download Chapter 3- Section 4 The DNA Connection

Chapter 3- Section 4 The DNA Connection/Protein Synthesis
AGENDA- Mon. April 19, 2004
STUDENTS
1. Warm up
15 min
2. Dog Genes
15 min
3. The DNA Connection
20 min
PROJECT DUE APRIL 21st
HW Read pp. 92-93 in your own words explain How Cells Make Proteins.
(There will be a physical demonstration tomorrow where many of you will be asked to
present your explanation. Do not mess this up, or you will take notes instead!)
CALIFORNIA STATE STANDARDS
1.0, 1.a, 1.c, 2.0, 2.b, 2.c, 2.d, 2.e, 7.0, 7.c, 7.d, 7.e
OBJECTIVES
 Explain the term genetic code
 Describe the process by which a cell produces proteins
 Describe different types of mutations and how they affect an organism.
TEACHER
1. Warm up
a. Do “DISCOVER” questions #1-2 on page 91
2. Dog Genes! Overhead (Review Meiosis and genetics)
3. The DNA Connection Lecture
a. OVERHEAD TRANSPARENCIES
AGENDA Tue. April 20, 2004
STUDENTS
1. Warm up
2. Protein Synthesis Questions
(Do we Take Notes Instead of Demonstration?)
3. Protein Synthesis Demonstration (or Notes)
4. Discuss Demonstration
PROJECTS DUE TOMORROW!!!
5 min
15 min
25 min
5 min
CALIFORNIA STATE STANDARDS
1.0, 1.a, 1.c, 2.0, 2.b, 2.c, 2.d, 2.e, 7.0, 7.c, 7.d, 7.e
OBJECTIVES
 Explain the term genetic code
 Describe the process by which a cell produces proteins
 Describe different types of mutations and how they affect an organism.
TEACHER
1. Warm up
a. Define the following words:
i. Messenger RNA
ii. Transfer RNA
2. Protein Synthesis questions:
Q: What contains protein? A: Ribosomes
Q: Where are ribosomes mainly found in the cell? A: cytoplasm
Q: Chromosomes are located where in the cell?
A: the nucleus
Q: What is the role of RNA in the cell?
A: It is the genetic messenger
that carries the genetic code from the DNA inside the nucleus to the
cytoplasm.
Q: Is RNA double stranded like DNA?
A: No, it is single stranded
Q: What are the nitrogen bases for RNA? A: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine,
Guanine
Q: Which nitrogen bases pair with which? A: A with U & C with G
Q: What is the role of messenger RNA?
A: It copies the coded messages from the DNA in the nucleus, and
Carries it to the cytoplasm.
Q: What is the role of transfer RNA?
A: It carries amino acids and adds them to the growing protein
Chain.
Q: When does the protein chain stop growing?
A: When it reaches a 3 letter Stop code.
3. Protein Synthesis Demonstration:
Draw a big circle on the floor- NUCLEUS
1- DNA (inside nucleus holding DNA model) floating around
 Suddenly DNA “unzips” (attach yarn to end of molecule)
1- Messenger RNA (inside nucleus) base pairs with DNA and copies the
coded messages
 DNA and RNA hold two strings of different color yarn
 mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm (still
holding the RNA yarn only (Dumps the DNA strand)
6- Nitrogen Base codons (line up on the mRNA strand)
 2- AAC
 2- UUG
 1- GCA
 1- CGU
4- Ribosome floating around cytoplasm attaches to the mRNA at the first
three nucleotides.
2- Transfer RNA
 1- tRNA enters the ribsome with an amino acid and a codon
and attaches to the first three nucteotides.

1- tRNA enters the ribosome with an amino acid and a codon
and attaches to the next three codons.
 The first tRNA gives the second tRNA its amino acid and it
leaves the ribosome as the ribosome moves down to the next
three nucleotides.
o The first tRNA comes back with another amino acid and
codon and attaches to the mRNA strand.
o The second tRNA gives the first one his amino acid chain
and leaves the ribosome as the ribosome moves down the
chain.
2- Amino Acids – join hands with the tRNA
Protein Synthesis- the production of protein
Protein is found inside the ribosomes, which are located in the
cytoplasm on the cell.
Chromosomes are located in the nucleus of the cell.
So how do ribosomes and chromosomes come together to
produce proteins if they are located in different parts of the cell?
RNA is a genetic messenger that carries the genetic code from
the DNA inside the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
 Unlike DNA, RNA is only single stranded.
 Like DNA, RNA also has four nitrogen bases. However,
instead of the base Thymine, RNA has a base called
Uracil.
 For RNA the nitrogen bases join as followed:
 Adenine joins with Uracil
 Cytosine joins with Guanine
This is how Protein Synthesis occurs:
The DNA molecule “unzips” and the messenger RNA strand
(which is responsible for copying the coded messages from the
DNA in the nucleus and carrying them to the cytoplasm.) base
pairs with the DNA strand and copies the coded messages.
Once in the cytoplasm, messenger RNA attaches to a ribosome
and translation begins. The ribosome reads the three letter code
and allows a transfer RNA to enter into the ribosome.
The transfer RNA carries an amino acid into the ribosome to
match up the three letter code and form a protein chain. The
ribosome moves down the messenger RNA reading new codes
and allowing new amino acids to form the protein chain.
Once the ribosome reads a three letter STOP code, it releases
the protein chain and protein synthesis ends.
Title: The DNA Connection
The 4 nitrogen bases of DNA are:
which joins with
which joins with
The order of the nitrogen bases along a gene
form a genetic code that specifies the type of
protein to be produced.
 Amino Acids are the building blocks of
proteins. There are
amino acids.
3 nitrogen bases code for 1 amino acid
 The order of the bases determines which
amino acid will be formed. For
example, think of it as THREE letter
words:
dogheryouhimcat
 These words ALL mean something
different. If there was a mistake made in
the sequence, the cell can produce
proteins that should not appear or make
any sense. These mistakes are called
MUTATIONS. For example:
dogherrouhimcat (1 mutation)
or
dogherryouhimca(3 mutations)
The 4 nitrogen bases of DNA are:
which joins with
which joins with
The order of the nitrogen bases along a gene

proteins. There are

are the building blocks of
amino acids.
nitrogen bases code for
amino acid
The order of the bases determines
.
For example, think of it as THREE letter words:
dogheryouhimcat
 These words ALL mean something different. If there
was a mistake made in the sequence,
For example:
dogherrouhimcat (1 mutation would appear)
or
dogherryouhimca (3 mutations would appear)
AGENDA Wed. April 21, 2004 and Thurs. April 22, 2004
STUDENTS
1. TURN IN PROJECTS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
2. Warm up
5 min
3. Lab #5- Chromosome Structure
40 min
CALIFORNIA STATE STANDARDS
1.0, 1.a, 1.c, 2.0, 2.b, 2.c, 2.d, 2.e, 7.0, 7.c, 7.d, 7.e
OBJECTIVES
 Explain the term genetic code
 Describe the process by which a cell produces proteins
 Describe different types of mutations and how they affect an organism.
TEACHER
1. All project due today! (Wed April 21)
2. Warm up
3. Lab # 5- (12 points total)
 ½ class- Microslide viewers- draw, color, label, identify (8 points)
 ½ class- Workbook Chapter 3 section 4 (Workbooks due completed on Friday)
 Review and Reinforce worksheet (4 points)
AGENDA Fri. April 23, 2004
STUDENTS
1. Warm up
2. Test Review (4 extra points!)
5 min
45 min
CALIFORNIA STATE STANDARDS
1.0, 1.a, 1.c, 2.0, 2.b, 2.c, 2.d, 2.e, 7.0, 7.c, 7.d, 7.e
OBJECTIVES
 Explain the term genetic code
 Describe the process by which a cell produces proteins
 Describe different types of mutations and how they affect an organism.
AGENDA- Mon. April 24, 2004
STUDENTS
1. Test #3- Chapter 3- Genetics: The Science of Heredity