Download biology lecture notes chapters 4 and 5 - Cole Camp R-1

BIOLOGY LECTURE NOTES CHAPTERS 4 AND 5
The Cell and Cell Movement
Every living organism on Earth is made up of ___________________
1) ______________________- one cell (Amoeba)
2) ______________________- many cells (Humans)
Early 1600's: ______________________--> First to use the word
Why "cell"?
▸1) ___________________: "a small room; little house"
▸2) Cell is what the structure looked like
1800's:
▸1)
▸2)
▸3)
▸1830's: ___________________ --> First to use the word ______________________
***
There are two types of cells:
1)
2)
FOUR MAJOR CELL PARTS:
1)
▸
▸
1
▸
2)
▸Material between the nucleus and cell membrane
▸A semi-fluid substance where chemical reactions take place
3)
4) ______________________________- "little organs"
LOCOMOTION OF CELLS ways to move
1) __________________________- "false feet"
▸Projections of ____________________________
⋆
example:
2)
▸
⋆
example:
3) ______________________________- long, hairlike structures
▸
example:
TWO CELL TYPES:
1) ____________________________________- cells with a true nucleus
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2) ____________________________________ - cells without a true nucleus
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS:
1)
2)
3)
▸example: _______________________________ --> contain
_____________________________ (green pigment) contain
__________________________ (yellow pigment)
▸4) Plant cells have _____________________________ - organelles that store food
CELL AND IT'S ENVIRONMENT:
All living things have to be in a ______________________________________.
______________________________ must also be in a steady state.
▸_______________________________________- "steady state"
1) _________________________________________- circulatory system: pancreas
dumps insulin into bloodstream to stabilize glucose level
2) ______________________________________ - especially important in cold-blooded
animals
▸In ______________________________________________ the external environment
of each cell is the fluids surrounding it; this fluid must be kept at a constant temp.
▸In a ____________________________________________ must keep their steady state
in direct contact with their environment
⋆ There are limits to the environmental changes that an organism can stand and still
remain alive
FACTORS AFFECTING HOMEOSTASIS:
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1) ______________________________ - process by which substances gradually spread
throughout a solution from area of high concentration to low; eventually a
state of equilibrium is reached
▸
▸____________________________________: Point where there's a balance between
opposite forces/processes
** When the concentration of a substance changes over a distance, a
________________________________________________________exists **
DIFFUSION THROUGH MEMBRANES:
▸Substances move down this gradient to areas of lower concentration
If a substance passes through a membrane, it is said to be ________________________
to that substance
▸The Plasma Membrane is _________________________________________________
⋆
Selectively Permeable allows ____________________________________________.
–
–
i.e. - The Heart will allow
The Brain will allow
2)
▸This is the Diffusion of __________________________through a Selectively
Permeable Membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS INVOLVING OSMOSIS:
1)
▸
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▸
2)
▸
▸RESULT:
▸___________________________________________is the pressure exerted by water
moving into the cell
3)
▸
▸RESULT:
▸_______________________________is the loss of Turgor Pressure by the cell
IN AN ANIMAL CELL, TURGOR PRESSURE IN A HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
CAN NOT BUILD UP TO A POINT AT WHICH OSMOSIS STOPS. THE
CELL MUST "DUMP" THE EXCESS WATER OR IT WILL BURST.
WHY ?????
_____________________________is the process of "Cell Bursting"
Minerals help to dilute the solution; However ______________________________
does not have minerals.
WAYS THE HUMAN BODY RIDS ITSELF OF WATER:
1)
2)
3)
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TWO TYPES OF TRANSPORT:
1)
▸
▸
▸Occurs through the passages in the membrane called ________________________
2)
▸
▸_____________________is used
⋆
A _________________________________ does the moving
A.
▸
⋆
1. _____________________________- "Cell Eaters"
–
⋆
Consumption of _______________________________________
2. ______________________________- "Cell Drinkers"
–
Consumption of __________________________________________by the cell
B.
"_________________________________"
▸
Passage of ______________________________________________________
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