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NOTES: 2.3 part 2 - NUCLEIC ACIDS and PROTEINS So far, we’ve covered…the following MACROMOLECULES: ● CARBOHYDRATES… ● LIPIDS… Let’s review… CARBOHYDRATES: ● elements? ● purpose(s)? ● monomers / building blocks? ● polymers? ● examples? LIPIDS: ● elements? ● purpose(s)? ● monomers / building blocks? ● polymers? ● examples? And now we will look at: NUCLEIC ACIDS & PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS! ● nucleic acids ● Two types of nucleic acids: 1) 2) Structure of Nucleic Acids ● polymers made up of monomers called NUCLEOTIDES: ● elements present: - - - - - in DNA; in RNA) ● each nucleotide consists of: 1) a simple sugar ( 2) a phosphate group 3) a base (e.g. in DNA, the bases are ) ● nucleotides are joined together in ● results in a “backbone” with a repeating pattern of ... 1) DNA = ● forms the - the instructions for the proteins (amino acid sequences) of an organisms’ proteins ● cells to another from one generation of 2) RNA = ● functions in the actual synthesis of proteins coded for by DNA PROTEINS: ● Polymers (long chains) of -arranged in specific sequence -linked by -range in length from a few to 1000+ AMINO ACIDS: ● ● there are 20 common amino acids ● structure of an amino acid: ● elements included in a protein: - - - - - (usually Amino Acid Monomers ● Cells use to make thousands of proteins ● amino acids differ from each other at their “side” or “R” chains ● because they are so different, and can be put together in almost infinite combinations, proteins are among . ● Amino acids are linked together through to form PEPTIDE BONDS PROTEIN STRUCTURE: ● a protein’s function depends on its specific Levels of Protein Shape / Organization: ● amino acids are assembled into polypeptide chains according to ! ● there are 4 levels of structure for proteins… ● PRIMARY: ● SECONDARY: ● TERTIARY: complete, ; (in small, local areas); ; ● QUATERNARY: some proteins include multiple polypeptide chains that come together to form 1 functioning unit Protein Shape: ● ● stabilized by , H-bonds, van der Waals forces ● can be altered by environmental conditions ● DENATURATION: protein loses its natural shape, and therefore This can be caused by: - - Functions of proteins include: **more about enzymes in 2.4!! !