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Diseases and Cells Unit Notes
Name:
DO NOT LOSE!
 Infectious Diseases will include
 Viruses
 Bacteria
 Parasites
 A virus a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein shell or
coat.
Viruses are extremely small, approximately 15 - 25 nanometers in
diameter
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 They can reproduce only by invading and taking over other cells as
they lack the cellular machinery for self reproduction.
Why Viruses are not living?
 Viruses are not made of cells.
 They have no cell parts.
 They do not grow and develop
 They do not respond to environment
Why Viruses are kind of living but not really.
 Viruses Reproduce, but only by invading living cells, not by
themselves
 They Evolve / Mutate
 Limited movement
 Viruses are not considered living by most scientists.
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Types of Virus
• Round
• Rod
• Multi-sided
Lytic viruses – Causes host cell to split / die as virus reproduces.
Viral Reproduction
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Viral DNA/RNA infected into cell
DNA/RNA replicates.
New Virus are constructed.
Viruses assemble.
Viruses break free to find new host.
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Lysogenic Virus – A virus that can hide inside your cells DNA until it
breaks out and then hides again. With you forever.
 Area of focus: Bacteria
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 Prokaryotic (No nucleus) and no internal organelles.
 Has a cell wall.
 DNA floats in cell
 Two types:
1.) Archaea – old
2.) Eubacteria –true
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 Eubacteria – True bacteria, gets energy from food
or sun.
 Sphere (Round) Shaped – Cocci
.
 Rod shaped – Bacilli
 Spiral shaped – Spirilla
~
 Mycoplasma bacteria – smallest known life form
(jagged and random).
 Diplo = Pair ..
 Tetrad = Groups of four ::
 Sarcinae = Groups of Eight. ::::
 Staphylo = Cluster
 Strepto = Chain ------------ Blue-Green Algae: Also called Cyanobacteria. It is
photosynthetic (gets energy from sun).
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 Gram staining: Technique used to identify bacteria.
 Pink and Red: Gram Negative  Dark Purple: Gram Positive +
 Bacterial food borne illness can be prevented by….
 -Controlling the initial number of bacteria
present.
 -Refrigeration – Prevents the small number of
bacteria from growing rapidly.
 -Destroying the bacteria by proper cooking.
 -Avoiding re-contamination. Clean cutting board
immediately after use.
 Penicillin: Antibiotic that destroys bacteria derived
from penicillin mold (fungi).
 Antiseptic - agent that kills or inhibits the growth of
microorganisms on the external surfaces of the body.
 Plaque is the accumulation of bacteria and microorganisms on a tooth.
 Tartar is dental plaque that has mineralized. Tartar
can form when plaque is not removed from the tooth
surfaces.
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 Binary Fission: The process by which a bacterium
multiplies by splitting in two.
 In asexual reproduction, one individual produces
offspring that are genetically identical to it.
 Sexual Reproduction: Genetic material from two
different individuals combines into a genetically
unique offspring.
Positives (+)
-Food Source
-Recycling waste
-Industrial
-Decomposition
Negatives (-)
-Health Problems
-Destroys Food
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 Immune system - A system that protects the body from diseases.

 Skin prevents disease from entering body
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1st Line of Defense
 Skin prevents disease from entering body

Interleukins – Tell body it’s under attack
2nd Line of Defense
• The inflammatory response: Damaged cells release chemicals.
– These chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the
tissues, causing swelling.
– This helps isolate the foreign substance from further contact
with body tissues.
3rd Line of Defense
•
Interleukins: These tell the body it’s under attack.
– These give you the aches and pains. “Time to rest!” (Warning
System)
•
Leukocytes: White blood cells (made in bone marrow)
– - Phagocytes: Cells that engulf invaders.
– - Lymphocytes: Cells that remember the invaders and help the
body destroy them if they come back.
• B-Cells
• T-Cells
• Dendritic Cells: These cells function to obtain antigen in tissues,
they then migrate to lymphoid organs and activate T cells.
• Antibodies cling to virus making it difficult to attach to
cell.
• Immunity: Your immune system is now familiar with the invaders
and can summon antibodies quickly.
• Vaccine: A suspension of weakened or dead pathogenic cells are
injected in order to stimulate the production of antibodies and
boost immunity.
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• Virus prevention
– Minimize contact with reservoir animal (birds, mice, etc.)
– Minimize person to person contact
Diseases can be spread by…
– Insects
– Air
– Water
– Food
– Person to Person
– Animal to Person
Parasitism: One organism benefits while the other is harmed.
Endoparasite- Parasite that lives inside of you (worms, etc)
Ectoparasite – Parasite that lives outside of you (biting flies etc)
New Area of Focus: HIV/AIDS
 HIV=Human Immunodeficiency Virus
 The virus attacks the cells of our immune system.
 This makes the host susceptible to disease.
Please record the ways in which you can be infected with HIV as a
class.
 Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person.
 That is all types of sex, where bodily fluid is released for
either gender.
 - Contact with an infected person's blood
 - From mother to child (Breastmilk)
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 -Use of infected blood-Most blood banks are tested but always a
risk
 - Injecting drugs (needles are often shared between users)
AIDS -Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
The disease AIDS occurs when the immune system cells left in the
body drop below a particular point.
STD’s - The types of sexual activity that can transmit a disease are
 penetrative sex (vaginal, anal or oral)
 genital foreplay.
Some diseases are transmitted through  skin to skin contact
 Fluids such as sperm, blood or saliva
 some are passed from mother to baby
Review! Abstinence is best, (Means no contact!) if you can’t abstain,
than use a condom. Condom use doesn’t prevent the skin to skin, and
only helps against the others.
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NEW AREA OF FOCUS: CELLULAR BIOLOGY
 Cells are the structural and functional units of all living organisms
 Humans have 50-75 Trillion – Multicellular
 Some Protista have 1 – Unicellular
 Modern Cell Theory
 -The cell is basic unit of structure and function
 -Living things are made of cells
 -All cells come from pre-existing cells.
 -Cells contain genetic information
 -All cells are similar in composition
 -Energy flow of life occurs in cells
 There are two types of cells.
 Prokaryotic
 Eukaryotic
 Prokaryotic cells
 - No nuclear membrane
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 - Genetic materials is free in cytoplasm
 - No membrane-bound organelles
 - Most primitive type of cell (appeared about 3.8 billion years
ago)
 Eukaryotic Cells
 - Nuclear membrane surrounding genetic material
 - Numerous membrane-bound organelles
 - Appeared approximately one billion years ago
 - Complex internal structure
ORGANELLES IN A CELL
Aid for Cell City Project
Protoplasm – All contents of the cell
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Cytoplasm
 All areas outside of nucleus.
 Area outside of organelles is called cytosol.
 Rich chemical fluid that helps breakdown molecules for use.
 Moves materials through cell (food and waste)
CELL WALL
 Found in plants and bacteria
 Made of cellulose (permeable)
 Supports plant
Plasma Membrane
 - Made of a phosolipid bilayer
 - The cell membrane is selectively permeable. Some things can
enter some can’t.
 - Cell Membrane controls movement (cellular traffic) in and
out the cell.
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Passive transport - movement of molecules from a more crowded to a
less crowded area WITHOUT the use of energy.
Diffusion: Random movement of molecules.
 From high to low concentrations
 Molecules are trying to reach equilibrium.
Osmosis: the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane.
 Permeable: Has large holes in it to let molecules pass through.
 Semi-permeable – Some things can enter
 Impermeable – Nothing can enter
 Hypotonic Solution: The cell has a higher concentration in it than in
the area surrounding it.
 Water moves into the cell to equal out concentration. The cell
swells
 Hypertonic Solution: Concentration of the cell is less than outside
of the cell.
 Water moves out of the cell to try to even out the
concentration. Cell Shrinks (Plasmolysis)
 Isotonic Solution: The cell has a equal proportion of concentration
with the area surrounding.
 Water continually flows in and out to keep concentration even.
 Active transport –
 - Movement of molecules from a less crowded to a more
crowded area
 -Requires the use of energy
 - Proteins can do this
 - Also called reverse osmosis
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 Endocytosis: (Endo - means to bring in) Energy requiring
process where cell engulfs particle.
 Phagocytosis: Type of endocytosis. Membrane surrounds large
particles (solids)
 Pinocytosis: Membrane surrounds a liquid
 Transmembrane Protein Receptor Mediated Endocytosis:
Proteins receptors facilitate endocytosis.
 Exocytosis: (Exo - means to take out) Cell releases particle.
Uses energy.
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The Nucleus
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- Largest organelle in cell (dark spot)
- Contains genetic information (DNA)
- DNA makes RNA which makes proteins
- Proteins are important for cell.
Chromatin / Chromosomes
• Contains genetic information
• Composed of DNA
• Thicken into chromosomes when cell divides
• Set number per species (i.e. 23 pairs for human)
Nucleolus
• Round dark spot in center of nucleus
• Only visible when cell is not dividing
• Contains RNA for protein manufacturing
• Makes ribosomes that travel out of nucleus.
Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds Nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Lets things in and out
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Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (E.R. for short)
 - Maze-like network fused to nuclear membrane.
 - Goes from nucleus to cell membrane.
 - Stores, separates, and serves as cell's transport system
 - Ribosomes attach to and make proteins.

Rough E.R.
Smooth E.R.
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Smooth E.R.
 - Makes lipids (fats) and steriods.
 - Regulates Calcium production.
 - Synthesizes sugars “Gluconeogenesis”
 - Detoxifies drugs
 -Stores important enzymes
Ribosomes
 - Each cell contains thousands
 - Amino Acids: The building blocks of proteins. 20 variations
 - Composes 25% of cell's mass
 - Most are embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum. Some
free in cytoplasm.
 - Site of Protein Synthesis
 - Mini protein making factories
 - Proteins (ONCH) are very important to our cells and body.
 - DNA makes RNA, RNA has informatin to make proteins.
 - Ribosomes and mRNA

Protein Synthesis: The process in which the genetic code carried by
messenger RNA directs cellular organelles called ribosomes to
produce proteins from amino acids.
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Proteins Synthesis Animation
 To make proteins
 Ribosomes are units that help read RNA
 RNA is the information code that tells the type of proteins to
be made.
 Protein synthesis is the process of making
Golgi Apparatus
 Protein packaging plant and other macromolecules.
 Sends vesicles of macromolecules to destination in cell.
 Composed of numerous layers forming a sac.
 Enzymes and contents of lysosomes are made here.
Lysosomes
 Has Digestive acids / enzymes in a sac
 Digestive organelle, recycles old cell parts.
 Breaks down proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, and bacteria.
 Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal.
 Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes
Cytoskeleton, microtubules, microfilaments
 Composed of microtubules
 Supports cell and provides shape
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 Aids movement of materials in and out of cells
 Flagellum is made of microtubules
Centrioles
 Look like golden nuggets (Paired)
 Made of nine tubes
 Aid in cell division (Mitosis)
Plastids (AKA Chloroplast)
 Organelle in plants
 Contain the green pigment chlorophyll
 Has stacks called Thylakoids
 Do photosynthesis (Make the sugar)
 Has it’s own unique DNA.

Photosynthesis – Plants make sugar from sunlight. Light energy is
turned into chemical energy (sugars – carbon based).
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Photosynthesis
 Produces sugars from energy.
 Occurs only in cells with chloroplasts.
 Oxygen is produced.
 Water is used.
 Carbon dioxide is used.
 Occurs in light.
Mitochondria
 Large organelle that makes energy for the cell. (ATP)
 Has folds (surface area) called cristae
 Two membranes
 Recycles wastes, produces urea
 Has its own DNA. Reproduce independently from cell.
Cellular Respiration: Processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy
from organic molecules.
Cellular Respiration
 C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + released energy.
Respiration
 Burns sugars for energy.
 Energy is released.
 Occurs in most cells.
 Oxygen is used.
 Water is produced.
 Carbon dioxide produced.
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 Occurs in dark and light.
The carbon dioxide oxygen balance.
 Plant uses carbon dioxide and produces oxygen
(photosynthesis).
 Animal uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide (respiration).
 Vacuoles
 Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste
removal
 Very large in plant cell
 Create turgid pressure in plants
 Contains food and water solution
 Contractile vacuoles for water removal (in unicellular
organisms) + locomotion.
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SAVE THESE NOTES FOR THE ASSESSMENT WHICH IS DUE
SHORTLY!
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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