* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download infectious biofe - sciencepowerpoint.com
Tissue engineering wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
1 Diseases and Cells Unit Notes Name: DO NOT LOSE! Infectious Diseases will include Viruses Bacteria Parasites A virus a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein shell or coat. Viruses are extremely small, approximately 15 - 25 nanometers in diameter 2 They can reproduce only by invading and taking over other cells as they lack the cellular machinery for self reproduction. Why Viruses are not living? Viruses are not made of cells. They have no cell parts. They do not grow and develop They do not respond to environment Why Viruses are kind of living but not really. Viruses Reproduce, but only by invading living cells, not by themselves They Evolve / Mutate Limited movement Viruses are not considered living by most scientists. 3 Types of Virus • Round • Rod • Multi-sided Lytic viruses – Causes host cell to split / die as virus reproduces. Viral Reproduction Viral DNA/RNA infected into cell DNA/RNA replicates. New Virus are constructed. Viruses assemble. Viruses break free to find new host. 4 Lysogenic Virus – A virus that can hide inside your cells DNA until it breaks out and then hides again. With you forever. Area of focus: Bacteria 5 Prokaryotic (No nucleus) and no internal organelles. Has a cell wall. DNA floats in cell Two types: 1.) Archaea – old 2.) Eubacteria –true 6 Eubacteria – True bacteria, gets energy from food or sun. Sphere (Round) Shaped – Cocci . Rod shaped – Bacilli Spiral shaped – Spirilla ~ Mycoplasma bacteria – smallest known life form (jagged and random). Diplo = Pair .. Tetrad = Groups of four :: Sarcinae = Groups of Eight. :::: Staphylo = Cluster Strepto = Chain ------------ Blue-Green Algae: Also called Cyanobacteria. It is photosynthetic (gets energy from sun). 7 Gram staining: Technique used to identify bacteria. Pink and Red: Gram Negative Dark Purple: Gram Positive + Bacterial food borne illness can be prevented by…. -Controlling the initial number of bacteria present. -Refrigeration – Prevents the small number of bacteria from growing rapidly. -Destroying the bacteria by proper cooking. -Avoiding re-contamination. Clean cutting board immediately after use. Penicillin: Antibiotic that destroys bacteria derived from penicillin mold (fungi). Antiseptic - agent that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms on the external surfaces of the body. Plaque is the accumulation of bacteria and microorganisms on a tooth. Tartar is dental plaque that has mineralized. Tartar can form when plaque is not removed from the tooth surfaces. 8 Binary Fission: The process by which a bacterium multiplies by splitting in two. In asexual reproduction, one individual produces offspring that are genetically identical to it. Sexual Reproduction: Genetic material from two different individuals combines into a genetically unique offspring. Positives (+) -Food Source -Recycling waste -Industrial -Decomposition Negatives (-) -Health Problems -Destroys Food 9 Immune system - A system that protects the body from diseases. Skin prevents disease from entering body 10 1st Line of Defense Skin prevents disease from entering body Interleukins – Tell body it’s under attack 2nd Line of Defense • The inflammatory response: Damaged cells release chemicals. – These chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, causing swelling. – This helps isolate the foreign substance from further contact with body tissues. 3rd Line of Defense • Interleukins: These tell the body it’s under attack. – These give you the aches and pains. “Time to rest!” (Warning System) • Leukocytes: White blood cells (made in bone marrow) – - Phagocytes: Cells that engulf invaders. – - Lymphocytes: Cells that remember the invaders and help the body destroy them if they come back. • B-Cells • T-Cells • Dendritic Cells: These cells function to obtain antigen in tissues, they then migrate to lymphoid organs and activate T cells. • Antibodies cling to virus making it difficult to attach to cell. • Immunity: Your immune system is now familiar with the invaders and can summon antibodies quickly. • Vaccine: A suspension of weakened or dead pathogenic cells are injected in order to stimulate the production of antibodies and boost immunity. 11 • Virus prevention – Minimize contact with reservoir animal (birds, mice, etc.) – Minimize person to person contact Diseases can be spread by… – Insects – Air – Water – Food – Person to Person – Animal to Person Parasitism: One organism benefits while the other is harmed. Endoparasite- Parasite that lives inside of you (worms, etc) Ectoparasite – Parasite that lives outside of you (biting flies etc) New Area of Focus: HIV/AIDS HIV=Human Immunodeficiency Virus The virus attacks the cells of our immune system. This makes the host susceptible to disease. Please record the ways in which you can be infected with HIV as a class. Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person. That is all types of sex, where bodily fluid is released for either gender. - Contact with an infected person's blood - From mother to child (Breastmilk) 12 -Use of infected blood-Most blood banks are tested but always a risk - Injecting drugs (needles are often shared between users) AIDS -Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome The disease AIDS occurs when the immune system cells left in the body drop below a particular point. STD’s - The types of sexual activity that can transmit a disease are penetrative sex (vaginal, anal or oral) genital foreplay. Some diseases are transmitted through skin to skin contact Fluids such as sperm, blood or saliva some are passed from mother to baby Review! Abstinence is best, (Means no contact!) if you can’t abstain, than use a condom. Condom use doesn’t prevent the skin to skin, and only helps against the others. 13 NEW AREA OF FOCUS: CELLULAR BIOLOGY Cells are the structural and functional units of all living organisms Humans have 50-75 Trillion – Multicellular Some Protista have 1 – Unicellular Modern Cell Theory -The cell is basic unit of structure and function -Living things are made of cells -All cells come from pre-existing cells. -Cells contain genetic information -All cells are similar in composition -Energy flow of life occurs in cells There are two types of cells. Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Prokaryotic cells - No nuclear membrane 14 - Genetic materials is free in cytoplasm - No membrane-bound organelles - Most primitive type of cell (appeared about 3.8 billion years ago) Eukaryotic Cells - Nuclear membrane surrounding genetic material - Numerous membrane-bound organelles - Appeared approximately one billion years ago - Complex internal structure ORGANELLES IN A CELL Aid for Cell City Project Protoplasm – All contents of the cell 15 Cytoplasm All areas outside of nucleus. Area outside of organelles is called cytosol. Rich chemical fluid that helps breakdown molecules for use. Moves materials through cell (food and waste) CELL WALL Found in plants and bacteria Made of cellulose (permeable) Supports plant Plasma Membrane - Made of a phosolipid bilayer - The cell membrane is selectively permeable. Some things can enter some can’t. - Cell Membrane controls movement (cellular traffic) in and out the cell. 16 Passive transport - movement of molecules from a more crowded to a less crowded area WITHOUT the use of energy. Diffusion: Random movement of molecules. From high to low concentrations Molecules are trying to reach equilibrium. Osmosis: the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane. Permeable: Has large holes in it to let molecules pass through. Semi-permeable – Some things can enter Impermeable – Nothing can enter Hypotonic Solution: The cell has a higher concentration in it than in the area surrounding it. Water moves into the cell to equal out concentration. The cell swells Hypertonic Solution: Concentration of the cell is less than outside of the cell. Water moves out of the cell to try to even out the concentration. Cell Shrinks (Plasmolysis) Isotonic Solution: The cell has a equal proportion of concentration with the area surrounding. Water continually flows in and out to keep concentration even. Active transport – - Movement of molecules from a less crowded to a more crowded area -Requires the use of energy - Proteins can do this - Also called reverse osmosis 17 Endocytosis: (Endo - means to bring in) Energy requiring process where cell engulfs particle. Phagocytosis: Type of endocytosis. Membrane surrounds large particles (solids) Pinocytosis: Membrane surrounds a liquid Transmembrane Protein Receptor Mediated Endocytosis: Proteins receptors facilitate endocytosis. Exocytosis: (Exo - means to take out) Cell releases particle. Uses energy. 18 19 The Nucleus - Largest organelle in cell (dark spot) - Contains genetic information (DNA) - DNA makes RNA which makes proteins - Proteins are important for cell. Chromatin / Chromosomes • Contains genetic information • Composed of DNA • Thicken into chromosomes when cell divides • Set number per species (i.e. 23 pairs for human) Nucleolus • Round dark spot in center of nucleus • Only visible when cell is not dividing • Contains RNA for protein manufacturing • Makes ribosomes that travel out of nucleus. Nuclear Membrane • Surrounds Nucleus • Made of two layers • Lets things in and out 20 Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (E.R. for short) - Maze-like network fused to nuclear membrane. - Goes from nucleus to cell membrane. - Stores, separates, and serves as cell's transport system - Ribosomes attach to and make proteins. Rough E.R. Smooth E.R. 21 Smooth E.R. - Makes lipids (fats) and steriods. - Regulates Calcium production. - Synthesizes sugars “Gluconeogenesis” - Detoxifies drugs -Stores important enzymes Ribosomes - Each cell contains thousands - Amino Acids: The building blocks of proteins. 20 variations - Composes 25% of cell's mass - Most are embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum. Some free in cytoplasm. - Site of Protein Synthesis - Mini protein making factories - Proteins (ONCH) are very important to our cells and body. - DNA makes RNA, RNA has informatin to make proteins. - Ribosomes and mRNA Protein Synthesis: The process in which the genetic code carried by messenger RNA directs cellular organelles called ribosomes to produce proteins from amino acids. 22 Proteins Synthesis Animation To make proteins Ribosomes are units that help read RNA RNA is the information code that tells the type of proteins to be made. Protein synthesis is the process of making Golgi Apparatus Protein packaging plant and other macromolecules. Sends vesicles of macromolecules to destination in cell. Composed of numerous layers forming a sac. Enzymes and contents of lysosomes are made here. Lysosomes Has Digestive acids / enzymes in a sac Digestive organelle, recycles old cell parts. Breaks down proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, and bacteria. Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal. Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes Cytoskeleton, microtubules, microfilaments Composed of microtubules Supports cell and provides shape 23 Aids movement of materials in and out of cells Flagellum is made of microtubules Centrioles Look like golden nuggets (Paired) Made of nine tubes Aid in cell division (Mitosis) Plastids (AKA Chloroplast) Organelle in plants Contain the green pigment chlorophyll Has stacks called Thylakoids Do photosynthesis (Make the sugar) Has it’s own unique DNA. Photosynthesis – Plants make sugar from sunlight. Light energy is turned into chemical energy (sugars – carbon based). 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 24 Photosynthesis Produces sugars from energy. Occurs only in cells with chloroplasts. Oxygen is produced. Water is used. Carbon dioxide is used. Occurs in light. Mitochondria Large organelle that makes energy for the cell. (ATP) Has folds (surface area) called cristae Two membranes Recycles wastes, produces urea Has its own DNA. Reproduce independently from cell. Cellular Respiration: Processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules. Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + released energy. Respiration Burns sugars for energy. Energy is released. Occurs in most cells. Oxygen is used. Water is produced. Carbon dioxide produced. 25 Occurs in dark and light. The carbon dioxide oxygen balance. Plant uses carbon dioxide and produces oxygen (photosynthesis). Animal uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide (respiration). Vacuoles Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal Very large in plant cell Create turgid pressure in plants Contains food and water solution Contractile vacuoles for water removal (in unicellular organisms) + locomotion. 26 SAVE THESE NOTES FOR THE ASSESSMENT WHICH IS DUE SHORTLY! Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 27