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Transcript
Your Name ___________________________________ Date _______________ Biology Word Study – Chapter 3 – Cell Structure and Function Directions: Study the following words by reading and rereading them each evening so you will be prepared for the word study test each week. You may use one 4” x 6” index card to write as many words and definitions on as possible for the test. The card must written in ink, be in your handwriting, and have your name recorded in the top, right corner with no obvious erasures or mark outs. If all the criteria are met, you may use your index card during the test. It will then be taken up and stapled to your test. 1.) cell theory - the theory that states that all organisms are made of cells, all cells are produced by other living cells, and the cell is the most basic unit of life 2.) cytoplasm – a jellylike substance inside cells that contains molecules and in some cells organelles 3.) organelle – the membrane bound structure that is specialized to perform a distinct process within a cell 4.) prokaryotic cell – a cell that does not have a nucleus or other membranebound organelles 5.) eukaryotic cell – a cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles 6.) cytoskeleton – a network of proteins, such as microtubules and microfilaments, inside a eukaryotic cell that supports and shapes the cell 7.) nucleus (plural: nuclei) - an organelle composed of a double membrane that acts as the storehouse for most of the cell’s DNA 8.) endoplasmic reticulum – the interconnected network of thin, folded membranes that produce, process, and distribute proteins 9.) ribosome – an organelle that links amino acids together to form proteins 10.) Golgi apparatus – a stack of flat, membrane-enclosed spaces containing enzymes that process, sort, and deliver proteins 11.) vesicle – a small organelle tht contains and transports materials within the cytoplasm 12.) mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria) – a bean shaped organelle that supplies energy to the cell and has its own ribosomes and DNA 13.) vacuole – an organelle that is used to store materials, such as water, food or enzymes that are needed by the cell 14.) lysosome – an organelle that contains enzymes 15.) centriole – a small cylinder shaped organelle made of protein tubes arranged in a circle; it aids in mitosis 16.) cell wall – a rigid structure that gives protection, support, and shape to plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria 17.) chloroplast – an organelle composed of numerous membranes that are used to convert solar energy into chemical energy; it contains chlorophyll 18.) cell membrane – a double-layer of phospholipids that forms a boundary between a cell and the surrounding environment and controls the passage of materials into and out of a cell 19.) phospholipid – a molecule that forms a double-layered cell membrane; it consists of a glycerol, a phosphate group, and two fatty acids 20.) fluid mosaic model – a model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane 21.) selective permeability – the condition or quality of allowing some, but not all, materials to cross a barrier or membrane 22.) receptor – a protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response 23.) passive transport – the movement of molecules across the cell membrane without energy input from the cell 24.) diffusion – the movement of dissolved molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration 25.) concentration gradient – the difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another 26.) osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration 27.) isotonic – a solution that has an equal concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution 28.) hypertonic – a solution that has a higher concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution 29.) hypotonic – a solution that has a lower concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution 30.) facilitated diffusion – the diffusion of molecules assisted by protein channels that pierce a cell membrane 31.) active transport – energy-requiring movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration 32.) endocytosis – the uptake of liquids or large molecules into a cell by the inward folding of the cell membrane 33.) phagocytosis – the uptake of a solid particle into a cell by engulfing the particle 34.) exocytosis – the release of substances out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane