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Biology
Study Guide
Chap. 8 pg. 201-213
1. Know 3 things that can limit cell size.
Diffusion, DNA, surface area-to-volume ratio
2. Explain two reasons why cell division is a required cell process.
Cells divide to maintain a proper surface-to-volume ratio, during growth and to replace cells
that die.
3. What structure is the carrier of the genetic material?
Chromosomes
4. Describe the structures of eukaryotic chromosomes.
Exist as chromatin or long strands of DNA wrapped around protein called histones.
5. What is the cell cycle?
Sequence of growth and division of a cell
6. At what time is majority of the cell’s life spent?
Interphase
7. List and briefly explain each phase of mitosis.
Prophase – spindle fibers appear, chromatin forms into chromosomes, nuclear envelope
disappears
Metaphase – chromosomes move to the middle of the spindle fibers
Anaphase – centromeres split and the sister chromatids pull apart to opposite poles
Telophase – two daughter cells are formed.
8. Be familiar with the diagrams of the phases of mitosis and be able to label structures.
Pg. 207
9. Explain what happens to the cell at the end of mitosis, following telophase.
Cytokensis – cytoplasm divides
10. What is the final result of mitosis?
Guarantees genetic continuity, resulting in production of two new cells cells – tissues –
organs – organ systems - organisms
11. What is the definition of Cancer?
Malignant growth resulting from uncontrolled cell division
12. What part of the DNA controls the production of protein?
A gene
13. What are some causes of cancer?
Environmental factors,
14. What are chromosomes composed of?
DNA, centromeres, sister chromatids
Chap 10 pg. 263-273
15. Be able to explain the difference between diploid and haploid.
Diploid – a cell with two of each kind of chromosomes
Haploid – a cell containing one of each kind of chromosome
16. Explain what homologous chromosomes are.
Two chromosomes of each pair in a diploid cell, and have genes for the same traits
17. Why is meiosis necessary in organisms?
To produce gametes for sexual reproduction
18. Know the phases of meiosis.
Pg. 267
19. Explain how crossing over increases genetic variability.
Crossing over results in a new combination of alleles caused by breaking off and exchanging
genetic material
20. Know what nondisjunction is and be able to name a few disorders.
Nondisjunction – failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis
e.g. Trisomy 21 – down syndromes, monosomy – turner syndrome
Chap. 11 pg. 281-301
21. What are 3 parts of nucleotides of DNA?
Deoxyribose, phosphate, nitrogenous base
22. Of the nitrogenous base, what are the four possible bases?
Thymine, Adenine, cytosine, guanine
23. Explain the double helix structure.
Two strands of chromosomes bonded together like a twisted ladder
24. Be able to write the complementary base pair to a DNA strand.
25. What is the purpose of DNA replication?
For exact copy of genetic information from the parent cell.
26. Explain why DNA must unzip before it can be copied.
For free bases to attach to nucleotides to form another strand
27. How does DNA hold information?
Nucleotide sequences
28. Explain how DNA controls the activities of cells.
When it is time for cell reproduction, the DNA must make a copy of its chromosomes
29. What are the 3 types of RNA strands?
Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA
30. Explain transcription.
RNA copy is made from strand of DNA
31. How many amino acids do we have?
64
32. What is the translation process?
The process of converting the information in a sequence of nitrogenous bases in mRNA into
a sequence of amino acids in protein
33. What is mutations?
Any change or error in the DNA sequence
34. Explain how mutations in body cells cause damage.
If the cell’s DNA is changed, the mutation would be passed on to the offspring
35. Compare and contrast the cause and effect of a point mutation and a frameshift mutation.
Point mutation – change in a singles base pair, which can change the shape of a protein
Frameshift mutation – when a single base is added or deleted from DNA – changes all
proteins after the mutation
36. Explain the difference between gene mutations and chromosome mutation.
Gene mutation – generally this type of mutation affects the control of cell division – cancer
Chromosome mutation – generally passed on to the next generation or offspring
37. Know examples of mutagens.
X-rays, cosmic rays, ultraviolet rays, harmful sun rays, dioxins, asbestos, benzene,
formaldehyde
38. What is a pedigree chart?
A graphic representation of genetic inheritance
39. Know the symbols for pedigree charts.
Square – male, circle – female, lines – connect parents or siblings, colored shapes – affected
males and females, half/half – heterozygous males or females
40. What is a carrier?
A heterozygous individual
41. What is cystic fibrosis?
Common genetic disorder of defective protein in the plasma membrane that produces and
accumulates mucus in the lungs and digestive tract
42. What is Tay-sachs disease?
Recessive disorder on the central nervous system that does not break down lipids and
accumulates in the cells
43. What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
Recessive disorder of the absence of an enzyme that converts one amino acid to a different
amino acid and the byproduct collects in the central nervous system
44. What is a dominant trait?
Strong or prominent gene
45. List some examples of dominant traits.
Widow’s peak, hitchiker’s thumb, attached earlobes
46. What is a recessive trait?
Weak gene
47. What is Huntington’s disease?
Lethal genetic disorder of a dominant allele, results in a certain area of the brain to
breakdown.
48. What is incomplete dominance?
The phenotype foheterozygous individuals is intermediate between those of the two
homozygous.
49. What is a codominant allele?
The phenotype of both homozygotes to the be produced in heterozygous individuals – both
alleles are expressed equally
50. Pg. 316 Know the punnett squares. Be able to explain why heterzygotes have offspring of
intermediate colors.
Like a mixing of colors or traits
51. What is a multiple allele?
Traits controlled by more than two alleles
52. What are autosomes?
22 pairs of homologous chromosomes
53. What are the sex chromosomes?
The 23rd chromosome – indicates whether male or female
54. What are sex-linked traits?
XX female; XY male
55. What is polygenic inheritance?
The inheritance pattern of a trait that is controlled by two or more genes
56. List internal and external environmental influence on genetics.
Internal – hormones, and structural differences
External - temperature, light, nutrition, chemicals
57. What is sickle-cell anemia?
The oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin differs by one amino acid from normal hemoglobin
– slows blood flow, block small vessels, and result in tissue damage and pain
58. What is red/green color blindness?
Recessive allele at either of two gene sites on the Xchromosome affecting prominently male
offspring – affects red and green receptors in the cells of the eyes
59. What is Queen Victoria’s hemophilia?
Hemophilia is a blood disorder where the blood does not have the ability to clot and can
cause death. Sex-linked trait on the X chromosome affecting mostly males.
60. Discuss the blue people of Troublesome Creek.
Methoemoglobianemia – oxygen-carrying capacity is decreased and causes the blood to have
a bluish appearance; Eastern Kentucky, Fugates
61. Explain Down Syndrome.
Trisomy 21- autosomal, chromosomal disorder-have some degree of mental retardation