Download Bio260 Exam1.1 MW review

Chapter 1:
• How did the following scientists contribute to
microbiology: Leewenhoek, Janssen, Hooke,
Redi, Spallanzani, Virchow, Tyndall, Koch,
and Pasteur.
• What are some products made with the help of
microbes?
• What is the nomenclature followed to name
bacteria? Be sure to know an example and be
able to write it correctly.
• What is the average size of bacteria?
• What organisms are found within the
category of microbiology? What
characteristics make them unique?
– Fill out details of chart on next slide for review.
– Completed chart found at the end of ppt if you
just want to study it.
• What types of organisms are found in the
domain Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea?
– What is the basis for the classification of
organisms into these three domains?
– How are the organisms in the Bacteria domain
similar to the organisms in the Archaea domain?
How are they different?
Type
P/E
Unique
Eukaryotic
Terrestrial
environments,
use organic
matter for food
Fungi
Motile, pathogenic
parasites
Protozoa
Virus
Growth
Single
Cellular
Bacteria
Algae
S/M
N/A
Chapter 3:
• Describe the principle of simple staining.
– What can you determine about an organism from
a simple stain?
• Be able to draw and label different morphologies
including shapes and groupings
• What is a differential stain? Give an example
of a differential stain.
• Describe the four steps of the Gram stain
and the purpose of each step.
– What physical characteristic does it differentiate?
– What color are Gram + and Gram - cells?
• Know the structures of Gram-positive
and Gram-negative cell walls.
• Understand the different ways to transport
material across a cytoplasmic membrane.
– Understand the different ways bacteria move
material across a membrane such as facilitated
diffusion and active transport mechanisms
(transport systems that use proton motive
force, transport systems that use ATP, and
efflux pumps).
• What are the functions of the bacterial
cytoplasmic membrane?
Chapter 6:
• Define metabolism and describe the
difference between anabolism and
catabolism.
• Define enzymes and their characteristics.
– Understand the factors that influence enzyme
activity: temperature, pH, substrate
concentration, and inhibitors.
– Understand competitive and noncompetitive
inhibition.
• Understand the following terms and processes:
glycolysis, fermentation, Tricarboxylic Acid
cycle, anaerobic and aerobic respiration,
oxidation/reduction reactions, electron transport
chain, oxidative phosphorylation, and substrate
level phosphorylation.
– For the major pathways discussed, understand
what is the starting material, what is made in the
process, and what is the final product.
– What is the difference between aerobic respiration
and fermentation? How do they differ in the amount
of energy (ATP) produced? What is the final
electron acceptor in each pathway?
Metabolic
pathway
Starting
material
Ending
compound
Reducing
agents
Total ATP
generated
Glycolysis
1 Glucose
2 Pyruvate
2 NADH
2 net ATP
Transition
Step
2 Pyruvate
2 AcetylCoA
2 NADH
TCA cycle
2 AcetylCoA
CO2
6 NADH
2 FADH2
Fermentation
1 Glucose
Varies1 step
conversion
of pyruvate
Additional
Only those in
conversions glycolysis
use NADH
(2 ATP)
(0-1 NADH)
Aerobic
Respiration
(Total, w/ O2)
1 Glucose
CO2 and
H2O
10 NADH
2 FADH2
38 ATP
4 from early
pathways and 34
from Proton motive
force
Anaerobic
Respiration
(Total, varies)
1 Glucose
CO2, varies
10 NADH
2 FADH2
Less than 38
4 from early
pathways, varies
2 ATP
Chapter 4:
• Understand what is meant by generation
time, and binary fission. Do all organisms
have the same generation time?
– Try to diagram the concept
• What is the definition of a pure culture? What
are some techniques used to determine if a
sample is pure?
• Explain how physical conditions such as
temperature, pH, and oxygen can influence
bacterial growth.
– Know the groupings that fit under these
• What are the basic chemical requirements for
bacterial growth?
• What is the difference between chemically
defined media and complex media?
• What are selective media? What are
differential media? Know some examples of
each.
• Be able to recognize a bacterial growth curve
and identify the phases of growth.
• Which growth phase is best used for
experimentation and why?
Type
Bacteria
Algae
Fungi
Protozoa
Virus
P/E
S/M
Growth
Unique
Prokaryote
Single
Cellular
Ubiquitous in
environment
Replicates by
binary fission;
Peptidoglycan cell
wall
Eukaryotic
Multi- and
Single
Cellular
Aquatic
environments;
Photosynthetic
Contain
Chloroplasts
Rigid cell wall
(cellulose)
Eukaryotic
Multi- and
Single
Cellular
Terrestrial
environments,
use organic
matter for food
Many forms: yeast,
mold, mushrooms;
Cell wall (chitin)
Eukaryotic
Single
Cellular
Both aquatic
and terrestrial
environments
Motile, pathogenic
parasites
N/A
Obligate
intracellular
parasite
Nucleic acid
packaged in protein
coat
Non-living