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Transcript
Research! • Look up each antibiotic from our lab and describe what it does to bacteria. • As a group, draw a picture that you think best represents how each antibiotic works. Cells! – The cell is the lowest level of structure that can perform all activities required for life. • Cell Theory: – All living organisms are composed of cells. – All cells come from other cells. We can distinguish two major types of cells: Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Photo source: Wikipedia The prokaryotic cell is simple, small, and contains no organelles. The eukaryotic cell is larger and more complex and contains organelles. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: (DNA) (DNA) Cytosol Cytosol A prokaryotic cell Two typical kinds of eukaryotic cells: - Animal cells - Plant cells Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: What do all cells have in common? (DNA) (DNA) Cytosol Plasma membrane Cytosol Ribosomes Chromosomes made of DNA Cytosol A prokaryotic cell Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: What is their most significant difference? Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles that perform specialized functions Prokaryotic cells do not Look more closely at cellular structures and their functions • Plasma Membrane and Cell Surface • Nucleus and Ribosomes • Endomembrane System – – – – Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Golgi Body Lysosomes Vacuoles • Energy Conversion: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria • Cytoskeleton • Cilia and Flagella Plasma Membrane – The plasma membrane separates the living cell from its nonliving surroundings. - Regulates traffic into and out of the cell - Allows cell to interact with environment Membrane Function – A closer look at our membranes Hydrophobic region Hydrophilic region Cell Surfaces – Most cells secrete materials for coats of one kind or another that are external to (outside of) the plasma membrane. Cell Surfaces – Animal cells have an extracellular matrix and cell junctions, • Which helps hold cells together in tissues and protects and supports them (not shown). Try giving your skin a good pull. If your skin is made out of cells, how do they all stick together? Extracellular matrix and junctions! Cell Surfaces – Plant cells and bacterial cells have cell walls, • Which help protect the cells, maintain their shape, and keep the cells from absorbing too much water. Plant Cell Walls: Cellulose Bacterial Cell Walls: Peptidoglycan Osmosis and the Cell Wall Solute in = solute out Water travels equally Solute in > solute out Water travels in Solute in < solute out Water travels out Structure Meets Function in a Cell • Plasma Membrane and Cell Surface • Nucleus and Ribosomes • Endomembrane System – – – – Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Golgi Body Lysosomes Vacuoles • Energy Conversion: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria • Cytoskeleton • Cilia and Flagella The Nucleus: Genetic Control of the Cell – The nucleus is the manager of the cell. • Genes on the DNA in the nucleus store information necessary to produce proteins. Prokaryotes do not have nuclei. Their genes (on DNA) are in the nucleoid region Structure and Function of the Nucleus – The nucleus is bordered by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. • It contains chromatin and a nucleolus. Chromatin: long strands of DNA and associated proteins. The DNA stores the genetic information (genes). Nucleolus: assembles ribosomes Ribosomes: Protein Synthesis – Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis. How DNA Controls the Cell – DNA controls the cell by transferring its coded information into RNA. • The information in the RNA is used to make proteins. Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell Structure Meets Function in a Cell • Plasma Membrane and Cell Surface • Nucleus and Ribosomes • Endomembrane System – – – – Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Golgi Body Lysosomes Vacuoles • Energy Conversion: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria • Cytoskeleton • Cilia and Flagella The Endomembrane System: Manufacturing, Distributing, and Storing Cellular Products Not found in bacterial cells! Structure Meets Function in a Cell • Plasma Membrane and Cell Surface • Nucleus and Ribosomes • Endomembrane System – – – – Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Golgi Body Lysosomes Vacuoles • Energy Conversion: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria • Cytoskeleton • Cilia and Flagella Energy Conversion: Chloroplasts & Mitochondria – Cells require a constant energy supply to do all the work of life. Not found in bacterial cells! Chloroplasts – Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to chemical energy. All little green circles are chloroplasts Cell walls Mitochondria – Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, which involves the production of ATP from food molecules. Structure Meets Function in a Cell • Plasma Membrane and Cell Surface • Nucleus and Ribosomes • Endomembrane System – – – – Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Golgi Body Lysosomes Vacuoles • Energy Conversion: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria • Cytoskeleton • Cilia and Flagella The Cytoskeleton: Cell Shape and Movement – The cytoskeleton consists of a network of fibers. Also, recently found in bacterial cells! Cytoskeleton – Mechanical support to maintain cell shape – Can change cell shape to allow movement Structure Meets Function in a Cell • Plasma Membrane and Cell Surface • Nucleus and Ribosomes • Endomembrane System – – – – Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Golgi Body Lysosomes Vacuoles • Energy Conversion: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria • Cytoskeleton • Cilia and Flagella Cilia and Flagella – Cilia and flagella are motile appendages. Not found on most plant cells! – Flagella propel the cell in a whiplike motion. – Cilia move in a coordinated back-and-forth motion.