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Theories of Personality Skinner Chapter 15 © McGraw-Hill © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Outline • • • • • Overview of Behavioral Analysis Biography of Skinner Scientific Behaviorism Conditioning The Human Organism Cont’d © McGraw-Hill Outline • • • • • The Unhealthy Personality Psychotherapy Related Research Critique of Skinner Concept of Humanity © McGraw-Hill Overview of Behavioral Analysis • Emerged from Laboratory Studies of Animals and Humans • Minimized Speculation • Focused on Observable Behavior • Avoided All Hypothetical Constructs • Behavior Is Lawfully Determined • Behavior Is Product of Environmental Stimuli © McGraw-Hill Biography of Skinner • Born in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania in 1904 • Constructed gadgets, played music, and wrote novels as a child • Attended Hamilton College, earning a BA • Earns his PhD in psychology at Harvard in 1931 • Accepts first job at age 32, teaching at the University of Minnesota © McGraw-Hill Biography (cont’d) • Published The Behavior of Organisms in 1938. • Invents controversial and well-publicized baby tender • Trains pigeons to guide bombs into enemy ships in World War II, which he demonstrated in 1944 • Realized his early ambition of becoming a writer when he wrote Walden Two • Also taught at Indiana University and at Harvard • Died in 1990 of Leukemia © McGraw-Hill Precursors of Skinner’s Scientific Behaviorism • E.L. Thorndike – Law of Effect • John B. Watson – Behavior can be studied objectively – Consciousness and introspection must play no role in the scientific study of behavior – Goal of psychology is the prediction and control of behavior – Best reached through study of stimulus-response connections © McGraw-Hill Scientific Behaviorism • Philosophy of Science – Scientific behaviorism allows for interpretation of behavior, not an explanation of its causes • Characteristics of Science – Cumulative – An attitude that values empirical observation – Science is a search for order and lawful relationships © McGraw-Hill Conditioning • Classical Conditioning – A response is drawn out of the organism by a specific, identifiable stimulus – Behavior is elicited from the organism – A neutral (conditioned) stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus a number of times until it is capable of bringing about a previously unconditioned response © McGraw-Hill Conditioning (cont’d) • Operant Conditioning – Shaping • Procedure in which the experimenter, or the environment, first rewards gross approximations of the behavior, then closer approximations, and finally the desired behavior itself • Through the reinforcement of successive approximations, the experimenter shapes the final set of complex behaviors • Three conditions are present: – The antecedent – The behavior – The consequence – Reinforcement • Has two effects: – Strengthens the behavior – Rewards the person • Two Types of Reinforcement – Positive Reinforcement – Negative Reinforcement © McGraw-Hill Conditioning (cont’d) • Operant Conditioning – Punishment • The presentation of an aversive stimulus • Effects of punishment • Punishment and reinforcement compared – Conditioned and Generalized Reinforcers • Primary reinforcers: stimuli that are by their nature satisfying • Conditioned reinforcers: environmental stimuli that are not by nature satisfying but become so because they are associated with such unlearned or primary reinforcers • Generalized reinforcers: associated with more than one primary reinforcer © McGraw-Hill Conditioning (cont’d) • Operant Conditioning – Schedules of reinforcement • • • • Fixed-ratio Variable-ratio Fixed-interval Variable-interval – Extinction • Tendency of a previously acquired response to become progressively weakened upon nonreinforcement • Operant extinction is when an experimenter systematically withholds reinforcement © McGraw-Hill The Human Organism • • • • • Natural Selection Cultural Evolution Inner States – Self-Awareness – Drives – Emotions – Purpose and Intention Complex Behavior – Higher Mental Processes – Creativity – Unconscious Behavior – Dreams – Social Behavior Control of Human Behavior – Social Control – Self-Control © McGraw-Hill The Unhealthy Personality • Counteracting Strategies – Escape – Revolt – Passive Resistance • Inappropriate Behaviors – – – – – Excessively vigorous behavior Excessively restrained behavior Blocking out reality Self-deluding responses Self-punishment © McGraw-Hill Psychotherapy • Psychotherapy viewed as one of the major obstacles to a scientific study of human behavior • Therapist molds desirable behavior by reinforcing slightly improved changes in behavior • Behavior therapists play an active role in the treatment process, using behavior modification techniques and pointing out the positive consequences of some behaviors and the aversive effects of others © McGraw-Hill Related Research • How Conditioning Affects Personality – Tidey, O’Neil & Higgins (2000) • Reinforcers can change their value over time and in combination with other stimuli • How Personality Affects Conditioning – Philip Corr (2002) • People vary in their responses to reinforcers depending on their personalities • Reinforcement and the Brain – Beaver et al. (2009) • High behavioral activation (i.e., actively pursuing rewards) is positively correlated with higher brain activation in response to rewards, as measured by fMRI © McGraw-Hill Critique of Skinner • Skinner’s Theory Is: – Very High on Generating Research, Guiding Action, and Internal Consistency – High on Falsifiability – Moderate on Organizing Knowledge – Difficult to Rate Parsimony © McGraw-Hill Concept of Humanity • • • • • • Determinism over Free Will (no free will) Optimism over Pessimism Causality over Teleology Unconscious over Conscious Social Influence over Biology Uniqueness over Similarity © McGraw-Hill