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Operant Conditioning • A type of learning in which behavior occurs more frequently if followed by reinforcement or occurs less frequently if followed by punishment. • How is this different from classical conditioning? – In Classical Conditioning, an organism associates/connects two events that occur together at the same time. – In Operant Conditioning, an organism learns a behavior through reward or punishment. Reward Punishment OPERANT CONDITIONING Association of events in time CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Edward Thorndike • Edward Thorndike performed experiments on cats • He placed them in a puzzle box, used fish as a reward for escaping, and timed how long the escape process took • Through trial and error, the cats figured out that pressing the level in the box (behavior) led to the reward of escape/fish (stimulus) Law of Effect • He coined the term “Law of Effect” which became the basis of operant conditioning • Law of Effect: behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated; behavior that is followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped OPERANT CONDITIONING REINFORCEMENT (increase behavior) PUNISHMENT (decrease behavior) POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT POSITIVE PUNISHMENT NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT POSITIVE (adding something to the situation) NEGATIVE (removing something from the situation) Reinforcement • Anything that increases a behavior • Can be positive or negative – Positive doesn’t mean good and negative doesn’t mean bad!!! – Positive means adding a stimulus; negative removes a stimulus Positive Reinforcement You get an A on your test (positive stimulus), which increases your behavior of studying (reinforcement). Other Examples??? Negative Reinforcement You avoid getting a sun burn (negative stimulus), which increases your behavior of applying sunblock in the future (reinforcement). Other Examples??? Punishment • Anything that decreases a behavior • Can be positive or negative – Positive doesn’t mean good and negative doesn’t mean bad!!! – Positive means adding a stimulus; negative removes a stimulus Positive Punishment You receive a speeding ticket (positive stimulus), which decreases your behavior of speeding (punishment). Other Examples??? Negative Punishment Your driving privileges are taken away for a year because you were caught driving drunk (negative stimulus). This decreases your behavior of drinking and driving (punishment). Other Examples??? What type of Operant Conditioning is this? • Positive Reinforcement? – INCREASE behavior by the ADDING of a stimulus • Negative Reinforcement? – INCREASE behavior by the REMOVING of a stimulus • Positive Punishment? – DECREASE behavior by the ADDING of a stimulus • Negative Punishment? – DECREASE behavior by the REMOVING of a stimulus Catching a largemouth bass after three hours of fishing What type of Operant Conditioning is this? • Positive Reinforcement? – INCREASE behavior by the ADDING of a stimulus • Negative Reinforcement? – INCREASE behavior by the REMOVING of a stimulus • Positive Punishment? – DECREASE behavior by the ADDING of a stimulus • Negative Punishment? – DECREASE behavior by the REMOVING of a stimulus Being yelled at by your coach after you fumbled so you won’t fumble again What type of Operant Conditioning is this? • Positive Reinforcement? – INCREASE behavior by the ADDING of a stimulus • Negative Reinforcement? – INCREASE behavior by the REMOVING of a stimulus • Positive Punishment? – DECREASE behavior by the ADDING of a stimulus • Negative Punishment? – DECREASE behavior by the REMOVING of a stimulus To get rid of an upset stomach your mom tells you to start taking Pepto Bismol What type of Operant Conditioning is this? • Positive Reinforcement? – INCREASE behavior by the ADDING of a stimulus • Negative Reinforcement? – INCREASE behavior by the REMOVING of a stimulus • Positive Punishment? – DECREASE behavior by the ADDING of a stimulus • Negative Punishment? – DECREASE behavior by the REMOVING of a stimulus You lose your money in a soda machine. You decide the next time you will not use the same machine! What type of Operant Conditioning is this? • Positive Reinforcement? – INCREASE behavior by the ADDING of a stimulus • Negative Reinforcement? – INCREASE behavior by the REMOVING of a stimulus • Positive Punishment? – DECREASE behavior by the ADDING of a stimulus • Negative Punishment? – DECREASE behavior by the REMOVING of a stimulus Giving your dog a treat for sitting on command What type of Operant Conditioning is this? • Positive Reinforcement? – INCREASE behavior by the ADDING of a stimulus • Negative Reinforcement? – INCREASE behavior by the REMOVING of a stimulus • Positive Punishment? – DECREASE behavior by the ADDING of a stimulus • Negative Punishment? – DECREASE behavior by the REMOVING of a stimulus Your alarm rings to stop you from sleeping too long What type of Operant Conditioning is this? • Positive Reinforcement? – INCREASE behavior by the ADDING of a stimulus • Negative Reinforcement? – INCREASE behavior by the REMOVING of a stimulus • Positive Punishment? – DECREASE behavior by the ADDING of a stimulus • Negative Punishment? – DECREASE behavior by the REMOVING of a stimulus You lose your cell phone after getting caught texting in class What type of Operant Conditioning is this? • Positive Reinforcement? – INCREASE behavior by the ADDING of a stimulus • Negative Reinforcement? – INCREASE behavior by the REMOVING of a stimulus • Positive Punishment? – DECREASE behavior by the ADDING of a stimulus • Negative Punishment? – DECREASE behavior by the REMOVING of a stimulus Lifting weights to get in great physical shape What type of Operant Conditioning is this? • Positive Reinforcement? – INCREASE behavior by ADDING a stimulus Careful!! The way a scenario is • Negative Reinforcement? worded can affect the answer. – INCREASE behavior by REMOVING a stimulus Lifting weights to get in shape = POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT • Positive Punishment? – DECREASE behavior by ADDING Lifting weights to lose weight = NEGATIVE a stimulus REINFORCEMENT Lifting weights to lose weight • Negative Punishment? – DECREASE behavior by REMOVING a stimulus Limitations of Punishment • Punishment often only produces • temporary suppression • Punishment can produce undesirable emotional side effects