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Biology EOC
First Grading Period Review
Topics 2010
Intro to Science
A. Scientific Methods
1. Make an Observation
2. State the Problem
3. Develop a Hypothesis
4. Design and perform an Experiment
Parts of an experiment:
1) Control group -Test done under normal conditions
2) Experimental group -Test in which one variable is
different and tested
3) Variables (two types)
A) Independent variable – factor being tested
(something you change) (u know)
B) Dependent variable – what you observe
(doesn’t change) (u don’t know)
5. Collect/ Analyze the Data
6. Draw a Conclusion
Data Analysis
Data may be presented in the form of a chart, graph, or table.
1. Be able to interpret regardless of background knowledge.
2. Read carefully, look at the entire diagram, and note all labels,
units or headings.
3. Make sure you know what the question is asking!
The effect of temperature on Enzyme
Biochemistry: Organic Compounds
A. Life Function: Synthesis - making monomers from polymers (building
organic molecules (food))
B. Organic Molecules
1. Carbohydrates (C,H,O)
Subunit: Monosaccharide/Glucose
Functions: Quick energy source or structural components
Examples: Glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin
Shape: Hexagon
2. Lipids (C, H, O)
Subunit: Fatty acid and Glycerol
Functions: Long term energy storage,
cell membranes, insulation
Examples: Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids
Shape: “Letter E”
Organic Compounds continued…
3. Proteins (C, H, 0, N)
Subunit: Amino acid
Functions: Structural components & speed up chemical reactions
Examples: Lactase, insulin, hair, muscle, cartilage and enzymes
4. Nucleic Acids (C, H, 0, N, P)
Subunit: Nucleotide
Functions: Store genetic information and protein synthesis
Examples: DNA & RNA
Shape: Circle, Pentagon, Rectangle
Tests for Indicators
Compound
Indicator
Initial Color
Final Color
(positive test)
Starch
Lugol’s Iodine
Solution
Amber (yellow)
Blue-Black
Sugar
Benedict’s
Solution
Blue
Yellow-Orange
Protein
Biuret’s Solution
Blue
Purple
Lipid
Brown Paper
Bag
Opaque (cant
see through)
Translucent (can
see through)
Blue
Yellow-green
Carbon Dioxide Bromothymol
Blue Solution
Enzymes
-Biological catalysts
(speed up chemical reactions)
-Belong to the organic molecules of Proteins
-Specific to substrates
-Usually end in “ -ase“
-Affected by:
1) pH
*pH Scale: 0-14
Acid (0-6) “the lower the number the
stronger the acid”
Neutral (7) “equal amounts”
Base (8-14) “the higher the number the
stronger the base”
2) Temperature
3) Concentration of enzyme/substrate
-May be denatured
(CHANGE IN SHAPE= CHANGE IN
FUNCTION)
Biology - First Quarter Review
NC DPI
Sample EOC Questions
http://www.dpi.state.nc.us/accountability/testing/eoc/sampleitems/5
1. The work of scientists usually begins
with ______.
A. testing a hypothesis
B. careful observations
C. creating experiments
D. drawing conclusions
2. Organic compounds are molecules that
contain which of the following elements?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Hydrogen
Carbon
Fluoride
Phosphorous
3. Proteins are polymers formed from
___________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Amino acids
Nucleotides
Fatty acids
monosaccharides
4.The brown paper test for lipids is
positive when food is placed on the
paper and a spot forms which will allow
light to pass through it. Which food
would give the strongest positive test for
lipids?
A.
B.
C.
D.
potato chips
bread
sugar
carrots
5. An enzyme speeds up a reaction
by _____________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Lowering the activation energy
Raising the activation energy
Releasing energy
Absorbind energy
6. Which elements are present in all
organic compounds?
A. C,H, O
B. C, P, N
C. C, H, P
D. C, H, O, P, N
7. Carbohydrates are polymers formed from
a ___________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Amino acids
Nucleotides
Fatty acids
monosaccharide
8. The point where an enzyme attaches to
its substrate is called ______________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Restriction site
Activation site
Motivation site
Key site
9. Organic molecule that provides a quick
energy source for cells is a ______________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Protein
Lipids
Carbohydrate
DNA
10. A controlled experiment allows the
scientist to isolate and test ____________.
A. a conclusion
B. a mass of information
C. several variables
D. a single variable
11. Enzymes are classified as which
organic compound?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
12. Organic molecule that is stored in plants
such as potatoes is ____________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Protein
Lipids
Starch
DNA
13. Nucleic Acids are macromolecules
formed from __________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Monosaccharide
Nucleotides
14. Lipids are macromolecules formed
from __________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Monosaccharide
nucleotides
Cells
A. Microscopes
1) Compound light microscope- lets light pass thru specimen
2) Electron Microscope- beams of electrons to pass thru specimen
3) Scanning Probe Microscope- traces surface of sample
B. Cell Theory
1. All living things are made of cells
2. Cells are the basic units of organization in living things
3. All cells come from preexisting cells
C. Types of Cells:
1. Prokaryotes - no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
EXAMPLE: bacteria
REMEMBER: PRO NO NUCLEUS
2. Eukaryotes - nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
EXAMPLE: protists, fungi, plant, and animal
REMEMBER: EU DO HAVE A NUCLEUS
Cells Structure and Function
(Organelles have a specific function)
Nucleus - controls cellular activities
Ribosome's - site of protein synthesis
Mitochondria - provides energy (cellular respiration)
Vacuoles – storage of water and minerals
Chloroplast - food production (photosynthesis)
Plasma membrane - controls what enters and leaves the Cell
AKA: Cell Membrane or Fluid Mosaic Model
Cell Wall - support and protection
Cytoplasm - suspends organelles
Cell Parts
ALL CELLS have a:
a. Cell Membrane
b. Cytoplasm
c. Ribosome's
d. DNA
ONLY PLANT CELLS have a:
a. Cell wall
b. Chloroplast
c. large Vacuole
ONLY ANIMAL CELLS have a:
a. centrioles
Cell Parts
Organelles that contain their OWN DNA:
a. Nucleus
b. Mitochondria
c. Chloroplast
Organelles that are membrane bound:
a. Vacuole
b. Chloroplast
c. Mitochondria
d. Nucleus
Cell Specialization
A.
Levels of organization
Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ Systems Organism
B. Specialized Cells (Structure determines function)
a. Skin cell – protection
b. Muscle cell - contraction/ movement
c. Blood cell - carries oxygen, food, and nutrients
d. Nerve cell - transmits nerve impulses
e. Sperm and Egg cell – reproduction
f. Guard cells - gas exchange in plants
g. Protozoan Cell- pumps out excess water with contractile vacuole
Biology - First Quarter Review
NC DPI
Sample EOC Questions
http://www.dpi.state.nc.us/accountability/testing/eoc/sampleitems/5
15. What is the function of a cell’s
selectively permeable membrane?
A. to regulate energy production in the
cell
B. to keep mitochondria from using
nuclear material
C. to maintain a constant lipid-protein
ratio in the cell
D. to control materials entering and
leaving the cell
16. Some organelles have their own DNA
that is distinct from the cell’s nuclear
DNA. This is true of which organelle?
A. cell wall
B. mitochondria
C. plasma membrane
D. vacuole
17. At which organelle are proteins
manufactured?
A. mitochondrion
B. nucleus
C. ribosome
D. vacuole
18. Which of the following is the correct
sequence for levels of organization in a
multicellular organism?
A. System Organism Organ Tissue Cell
B. System Organism Cell
Tissue Organ
C. Organism Tissue Organ Cell
System
D. Cell Tissue Organ System Organism
19. While observing an Elodea plant cell
through a microscope, a student
noticed some small, moving green
disks. These organelles were most
likely which of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
chloroplasts
leucoplasts
mitochondria
ribosome's
20. Specialized cells that are involved
with gas exchange and food production
in plants are called ____________ cells.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Blood
Nerve
Sperm
Guard
21. A student examines a cell under the
microscope and determines that it is a
eukaryote. Which structure did the
student identify in order to come to this
conclusion?
A. vacuole
B. nucleus
C. cell wall
D. ribosome
22. Cellular Respiration occurs at which
structure below?
A. I
B. II
C. III
D. IV
23. The major difference between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the
presence or absence of which of the
following?
A. membrane-bound organelles
B. cytoplasm
C. a cell membrane
D. nucleic acids
24. Which of the following is found only
in eukaryotic cells?
A. cell membrane
B. cytoplasm
C. DNA
D. mitochondria
25. _______________ is a process in
which cells develop in different ways
to perform different tasks.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Migration
Specialization
Immunization
Translocation
26. Protein synthesis occurs at which
of the structures shown below?
A. I
B. II
C. III
D. IV
Cell Transport-Cell Membrane
1. Bilayer of phospholipids are embedded with
proteins
2. Made up of:
a. Phospholipids heads:
- polar (hydrophilic "water loving")
Carbohydrate
chains
-face outside and inside of cell
Proteins
b. Phospholipids tails
Lipid
-nonpolar (hydrophobic "water
Bilayer
fearing")
-face each other forming a barrier
3. Plasma membrane is selectively permeable
because it controls what enters and leaves
cell
4. Plasma membrane maintains our
HOMEOSTASIS by maintaining an
Transport
Phospholipids
Protein
internal equilibrium (only allowing certain
substances to pass through)
Cell Transport
Hypertonic
Water
moves out
Isotonic
Water moves
in & out
Hypotonic
1) Passive Transport:
-doesn't require energy
-particles move from high to low
concentration
1. simple Diffusion- movement of
particles
EX: Oxygen from lungs into our
bloodstream
2. Osmosis- diffusion of water
EX: Water into a paramecium
3. Facilitated Diffusion- diffusion
with the help of transport
proteins
EX: transport of LARGE molecules
a. Hypotonic – low solute, high
water
(Cells swell and burst)
b. Hypertonic – high solute, low
water
(Cells shrivel/shrink)
c. Isotonic – equal water in and
Water moves
out of cell
(No change in cells)
in
Cell Transport
2) Active Transport:
- requires energy (ATP)
- particles move from low to
high concentration
1.Sodium-potassium pumptransport proteins
EX: Sodium ions pumped
out of a red blood cell
2. Endocytosis- taking
material into a cell
EX: White blood cell
engulfing bacterium
3. Exocytosis- material
existing the cell
EX: Cells expelling wastes
Life Characteristics
1. Living things are made up of units called cells
2. Living things reproduce
3. Living things are based on a universal genetic code
4. Living things grow and develop
5. Living things obtain and use energy
6. Living things respond to their environment
7. Living things maintain a stable and internal
environment “Homeostasis”
8. Living things change over time
Biology - First Quarter Review
NC DPI
Sample EOC Questions
http://www.dpi.state.nc.us/accountability/testing/eoc/sampleitems/5
27. A plant has been removed from its
natural environment and placed into a
body of water that contains more salt
than the inside of each plant cell. This
situation is most similar to which of the
following events?
A. a sea plant put into fresh water
B. a freshwater plant put into sea water
C. a sea plant put into distilled water
D. a land plant put into tap water
28. A cell with 5% solute concentration is placed in a
beaker with a 1% solute concentration.
What will happen to the cell over time?
A. The cell will gain H2O and expand
B. The cell will lose H2O and shrink
C. The cell will both gain and lose equal
amounts of H2O; thus, it will remain the
same size
D. The cell will undergo no exchange of H2O
with its surroundings
29. What regulates the flow of
water through a cell
membrane?
A. The concentration of solutes
B. The absence of a cell wall
C. The thickness of the membrane
D. The presence of a cell wall
30. Which of the following
statements concerning diffusion
and active transport is correct?
A. both diffusion and active transport require
cell energy
B. neither diffusion nor active transport
requires cell energy
C. diffusion requires cell energy while active
transport does not
D. active transport requires cell energy while
diffusion does not
31. A plant cell with a 10% salt
concentration is placed in a 20% salt
water concentration. What type of
solution is this? What process will
occur in the cell?
A. hypotonic; plasmolysis
B. hypotonic; cytolysis
C. hypertonic; plasmolysis
D. hypotonic; active transport
32. The movement of water
molecules across a selectively
permeable membrane is known as
_________.
A. exocytosis
B. phagocytosis
C. endocytosis
D. osmosis
33. Which of the following is NOT a
characteristic of all living things?
A. growth and development
B. ability to move
C. response to the environment
D. ability to reproduce
34. The process by which organisms
keep their internal conditions fairly
constant is called __________.
A. homeostasis
B. evolution
C. metabolism
D. photosynthesis
Good Job