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Transcript
Exchange with the Environment Chapter 4: Section 1 Diffusion - The movement of particles - From high concentration to low concentration Osmosis - Diffusion of water - Through a membrane Plasma - Fluid in blood: water, salts, sugars - Contains red and other blood cells Osmosis is important to cell functions - Plasma provides water for blood cells - Can make plants firm again when wilted - If cell is put into salt, water leaves and cell shrivels Passive Transport Moving Small Particles - Moves particles across a membrane - Does NOT require energy - Ex. Diffusion and osmosis Active Transport - Moves particles across a membrane - Requires energy – usually moving from low to high concentration Moving Large Particles Endocytosis - Active transport - Cell surrounds and encloses particle - Particles in a vesicle Exocytosis - Releasing a particle - Particle is in a vesicle - Vesicle fuses with membrane and releases particle to outside of cell membrane. Cell Energy Chapter 4: Section 2 Getting Energy From Food Cellular Respiration - Food (such as glucose) is broken down in the presence of oxygen. into carbon dioxide and water - Energy is released to carry on other cell activities Fermentation - Process to make energy when oxygen is not available - Food (glucose) is broken down but makes less energy than cellular respiration. Chlorophyll - Main pigment used in photosynthesis - Makes plants green - Collects energy from the sun Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light = C6H12O6 + 6O2 ** Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration are opposites** C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy(ATP) cellular respiration The Cell Cycle Chapter 4: Section 3 Cell Cycle - Cell division - Begins when cells form - Ends when cell divides - Only in eukaryotic cells Chromosome - Tightly packed structures of DNA - DNA is copied before the cell divides so each new cell is an exact copy of its parent cell. Binary Fission - Cell division of prokaryotic cells - Used by bacteria cells - Bacteria has one circular chromosome - Cell splits into two parts. - Results in two identical cells *Chromosomes in eukaryotic cells contain more DNA than prokaryotic cells Homologous Chromosomes - Pair of chromosomes - The pair are similar - Carry the same genes on each 3 Stages to the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle 1. Interphase 2. Mitosis 3. Cytokinesis Interphase - Cell grows - Chromosomes (DNA) are copied Mitosis - Chromosomes condense into an x shape made Up of two chromatids and held together by a centromere. - Chromosomes separate – ensures that each new cell receives a copy of each chromosome. - Mitosis is divided into 4 phases. Phases of Mitosis 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase Cytokinesis Cytokinesis Cell Plate - Division of the cytoplasm. - Structure formed during Cytokinesis - Only in cells with a cell wall (Plant Cells) Mitosis: • If a cell wants to make a duplicate of itself, it first must copy its DNA (part of a chromosome). • The copies then must be separated & sorted into two sides of the cell. • The cell then splits in two. Part of each parent is carried to the two new cells. • Results in cells such as internal organs, skin, bones, blood, etc. Eukaryotic Cells Interphase occurs just before Mitosis begins: - Cell grows - DNA (chromosomes) is replicated along with organelles and other cellular components and the cell prepares for division. http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm Mitosis Interphase Animal cell Plant cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm st 1 step in Mitosis: Prophase (preparation phase) - The DNA recoils, and the chromosomes condense into two chromatids connected by a centromere. - The nuclear membrane disappears, and the mitotic spindles begin to form. http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm Mitosis Prophase Animal cell Plant cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm 2nd step in Mitosis: metaphase (organizational phase) The chromosomes line up the middle of the cell with the help of spindle fibers attached to the centromere of each replicated chromosome. http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm Mitosis Metaphase Animal cell Plant cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm rd 3 step in Mitosis: Anaphase (separation phase) The chromosomes split in the middle and the sister chromatids are pulled by the spindle fibers to opposite poles of the cell. http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm Mitosis Anaphase Animal cell Plant cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm th 4 step in Mitosis: Telophase The chromosomes, along with the cytoplasm and its organelles and membranes are divided into 2 portions. http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm Mitosis Telophase Animal cell Plant cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm After Mitosis: Cytokinesis Beginning of cytokinesis in a plant: The splitting of the cytoplasm into two separate cells. Beginning of cytokinesis in an animal: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm