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Chapter 10 and 11 Nervous System Test Preparation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.. Know the basic structure of a neuron Neurons are the structural and functional units. Neuroglial Cells surround the neuron Dendrites receive input Axons (nerve fibers) carry information away from the cell as nerve impulses Know the direction and function of sensory and motor neurons. What is efferent and afferent? Know the difference between the structures, functions and divisions of both the CNS and the PNS Levels of Organization of the NERVOUS SYSTEM CNS (Brain and Spinal Chord) (Interneurons) PNS (Cranial Nerves & Spinal Nerves) Sensory (Input into CNS) (Afferent Neurons) Motor (Output from CNS) (Efferent Neurons) Somatic (Effectors: Skeletal Muscle) (Conscious Control) Parasympathetic (Homeostasis) (NT: Acetylcholine) Autonomic (Effectors: Smooth Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Glands) (Unconscious Control) Sympathetic (Fight or Flight) (NT: Norepinephrine) Myelination of Axons • Know how and why certain neurons are myelinated. • Know what cell are involved in myelination. • Know the structure of a myelinated neuron. Classification of Neurons – Functional Classification Know the three different types of neurons, where they work and how they work. Classification of Neuroglial Cells •What is a neuroglial cell? •What are the 4 types of neuroglial cells? The Synapse •Know the structure and basic functions of a synapse. •What are the functions of neurotransmitters? •How and under what circumstances are they released? Nerve Impulse • What is RMP? • What ions are involved? • What is an all or nothing response? • What is hyperpolarization and depolarization? • What is summation? • What is a refractory period? Synaptic Potentials •What is an Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) and what happens to the postsynaptic neuron? •What is an Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP) and what happens to the postsynaptic neuron? Meninges •What are the 3 layers of the meniges? •What are the locations and characteristics of each? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Skin Scalp Subcutaneous tissue Cranium Bone of skull Cerebrum Dural sinus (superior sagittal sinus) Tentorium cerebelli Arachnoid granulation Dura mater Cerebellum Arachnoid mater Pia mater Vertebra Subarachnoid space Spinal cord Falx cerebri Meninges (a) Meninges Gray matter White matter (b) 12 Cerebrum 11.3: Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid • Name the four (4) ventricles • What is there basic function? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lateral ventricle (2) Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle To central canal of spinal cord (a) Interventricular foramen Lateral ventricle Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle 13 (b) To central canal of spinal cord Cerebrospinal Fluid • Where is it secreted •What is its function? •What happens to excess CSF? Arachnoid Granulations Or Villi Choroid plexuses of third ventricle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Blood-filled dural sinus Pia mater Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle Subarachnoid space Arachnoid mater Dura mater Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle Central canal of spinal cord Pia mater Subarachnoid space Filum terminale Arachnoid mater Dura mater 14 11.4: Spinal Cord Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Where does it begin and end? •What are its basic functions? Brainstem Foramen magnum Cervical enlargement Cervical enlargement Spinal cord Vertebral canal Lumbar enlargement Lumbar enlargement Conus medullaris Cauda equina Conus medullaris Filum terminale 15 (a) (b) Reflex Arcs • Know the two basic types of reflex arcs. Unipolar Neuron 16 12 Reflex Arcs Usually same neuron (Unipolar) 17 General Components of a Spinal Reflex Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Spinal cord Interneuron Dorsal 1 Receptor 3 2 Sensory neuron Cell body of sensory neuron White matter Gray matter 4 Ventral Motor neuron Central canal 5 Effector (muscle or gland) (b) 18 Patellar Reflex • Example is the knee-jerk reflex • Simple monosynaptic reflex (Simple Reflex) • Helps maintain an upright posture & prevents overstretching Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Axon of sensory neuron Cell body of sensory neuron Spinal cord Cell body of motor neuron Axon of motor neuron Direction of impulse Effector (quadriceps femoris muscle group) Receptor associated with dendrites of sensory neuron Patella Patellar Tendon 19 Withdrawal Reflex • Prevents or limits tissue damage (sensory-association-motor) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cell body of sensory neuron Axon of sensory neuron Direction of impulse Dendrite of sensory neuron Pain receptor in skin Tack Effector (flexor muscle contracts and withdraws part being stimulated) Interneuron Axon of motor neuron Spinal cord Cell body of motor neuron 20 Crossed Extensor Reflex •Contralateral (on the other side) reflex •Maintain balance Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Interneuron + = Stimulation – = Inhibition – + – Sensory neuron Extensor relaxes + Extensor contracts Flexor relaxes Motor neurons Motor neurons Flexor contracts 21 17 Tracts of the Spinal Cord • Know the difference between ascending and descending tracts Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Dorsal column Fasciculus gracilis Fasciculus cuneatus Posterior spinocerebellar tract Lateral corticospinal tract Lateral reticulospinal tract Rubrospinal tract Anterior spinocerebellar tract Anterolateral system Lateral spinothalamic tract Anterior spinothalamic tract Anterior reticulospinal tract Medial reticulospinal tract Anterior corticospinal tract 22 Nervous System Subdivisions 23 11.6: Peripheral Nervous System • Know the difference between cranial and spinal nerves and basic functions 24 Structure of a Peripheral Nerve Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fascicle Peripheral nerve Epineurium Motor neuron ending Axon Perineurium Endoneurium Node of Ranvier Schwann cell Sensory receptor Myelin sheath Neurilemma 25 Nerve and Nerve Fiber Classification • Know the difference between sensory, motor and mixed nerves and the direction of nerve impulse conduction. 26 Nerve Fiber Classification •Know the basic difference between General and Special fibers. •Both efferent and afferent •Somatic and visceral 27 Spinal Nerves Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Know that most spinal nerves are mixed •Know how many pairs come form each region C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 T1 T2 Posterior view Cervical nerves T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Thoracic nerves T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 L1 Cauda equina L2 L3 L4 Lumbar nerves L5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Co Sacral nerves Coccygeal nerve 28 Spinal Nerves Know the basic structures of spinal nerves. •What part of the neuron comprises each? • Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Dorsal root Dorsal root ganglion Dorsal branch of spinal nerve Ventral branch of spinal nerve Ventral root Dorsal root Paravertebral ganglion Posterior median sulcus Posterior horn Visceral branch of spinal nerve (b) Lateral horn Ventral branch of spinal nerve (ventral ramus) Anterior horn Central canal Dorsal branch of spinal nerve (dorsal ramus) Anterior median fissure Paravertebral ganglion Ventral root Spinal nerve Visceral branch of spinal nerve (a) 29 Dermatome • What is Dermatome? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C2 C3 C4 C5 T1 T1 C8 C6 T1 T12 L1 T12 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 C0 L1 S2 C6 C7 L2 S3 L3 L5 L1 L2 L4 C8 L3 L5 S1 L4 L5 (a) (b) 30 Nerve Plexuses • Know the 3 nerve plexuses and where they innervate. 31 Plexuses Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Posterior view Musculocutaneous nerve Axillary nerve Radial nerve Median nerve Ulnar nerve Phrenic nerve C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 T1 Cervical plexus (C1–C4) Brachial plexus (C5–T1) T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Intercostal nerves T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 Cauda equina L1 L2 L3 L4 Lumbosacral plexus (T12–S5) Femoral nerve L5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Obturator nerve Co Sciatic nerve 32 11.5: Brain •What are the major functions of the brain? •What are the 4 major parts of the brain? •What are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum? •What three structures make up the brainstem? 33 Structure of the Cerebrum • Be able to name the basic structure of the cerebrum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Central sulcus Parietal lobe Gyrus Sulcus Frontal lobe Lateral sulcus Occipital lobe Transverse fissure Cerebellar hemisphere Temporal lobe (a) Central sulcus Parietal lobe Central sulcus Longitudinal fissure Parietal lobe Occipital lobe (b) Occipital lobe Frontal lobe Insula Retracted temporal lobe (c) 34 Lobes of the Cerebrum • Five (5) lobes bilaterally: • Frontal lobe • Parietal lobe • Temporal lobe • Occipital lobe • Insula Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Central sulcus Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Frontal lobe Insula Retracted temporal lobe (c) 35 Functional Regions of the Cerebral Cortex • What is the cerebral cortex? •What is the basic function of each lobe? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Central sulcus Motor areas involved with the control of voluntary muscles Sensory areas involved with cutaneous and other senses Concentration, planning, problem solving Frontal eye field Parietal lobe Auditory area Sensory speech area ( Wernicke’s area) Front lobe Occipital lobe Motor speech area (Broca’s area) Combining visual images, visual recognition of objects Lateral sulcus Visual area Interpretation of auditory patterns Cerebellum 36 Temporal lobe Brainstem Functions of the Cerebral Lobes 37 Sensory Areas (post-central sulcus) • Cutaneous sensory area • Sensory area for taste • Parietal lobe • Interprets sensations on skin • Visual area • Occipital lobe • Interprets vision • Near base of the central sulcus • Sensory area for smell • Arises from centers deep within the cerebrum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Central sulcus Motor areas involved with the control of voluntary muscles Sensory areas involved with cutaneous and other senses Concentration, planning, problem solving Frontal eye field Parietal lobe Auditory area • Auditory area • Temporal lobe • Interprets hearing Sensory speech area ( Wernicke’s area) Front lobe Occipital lobe Motor speech area (Broca’s area) Combining visual images, visual recognition of objects Lateral sulcus Visual area Interpretation of auditory patterns Cerebellum Temporal lobe Brainstem 38 Association Areas • What are association areas? •What is the basic function of each? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Central sulcus Motor areas involved with the control of voluntary muscles Sensory areas involved with cutaneous and other senses Concentration, planning, problem solving Frontal eye field Parietal lobe Auditory area Sensory speech area ( Wernicke’s area) Front lobe Occipital lobe Motor speech area (Broca’s area) Combining visual images, visual recognition of objects Lateral sulcus Visual area Interpretation of auditory patterns Cerebellum Temporal lobe Brainstem 39 Association Areas • Frontal lobe association areas • Temporal lobe association areas • Concentrating • Interpret complex sensory • Planning experiences • Complex problem solving • Store memories of visual scenes, music, and complex patterns • Parietal lobe association areas • Occipital lobe association areas • Understanding speech • Analyze and combine visual • Choosing words to express images with other sensory thought experiences 40 Hemisphere Dominance •What is the dominant hemisphere in most humans? •What does the dominant and dominant sides of the brain control? 41 Memory • What is the basic differences between short and long term memory? 42 Brainstem Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hypothalamus Diencephalon Know the three structure of the brainstem and the functions that make them unique. Thalamus Corpus callosum Corpora quadrigemina Midbrain Cerebral aqueduct Pons Reticular formation Medulla oblongata Spinal cord 43 Types of Sleep • What are the major differences between the two types of sleep? 44 Cerebellum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • What is the cerebellum? •What are its major functions? Longitudinal fissure Corpus callosum Thalamus Superior peduncle Pons Middle peduncle Inferior peduncle Cerebellum Medulla oblongata 45 Major Parts of the Brain 46 Cranial Nerves Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Olfactory bulb Olfactory (I) Olfactory tract Optic (II) Optic tract Oculomotor (III) Trochlear (IV) Trigeminal (V) Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Abducens (VI) Hypoglossal (XII) Facial (VII) Vagus (X) Glossopharyngeal (IX) Accessory (XI) 47 Functions of Cranial Nerves 48 Sympathetic Division • Fight or Flight 49 Parasympathetic Division • Rest and Digest 50