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BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology The Senses: Classification of receptors Receptors generally sensitive to a specific type of stimuli Types: ______________ Respond to physical deformation ______________ Respond to chemicals ______________ Respond to heat and cold ______________ Respond to tissue damage ______________ Respond to light BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology The General Senses: __________ __________ _____________ nerve endings: * _____ ______ ______ include warm receptors, cold receptors and nociceptors * ________ ________ flattened nerve endings for light touch and pressure * _______ ________ with dendrites wrapped around base of hair follicles respond to light touch BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology The General Senses: Cutaneous sensation __________ nerve endings: * _________ _________ deep pressure * _______ _______ 2-point discrimination and light touch * _______ _______ heavy continuous touch * _______ ______ stretch of muscle * _____ _______ ____ heavy/excessive tendon tension BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology The General Senses: Pain Nociceptors found in most all tissues except the brain! _____ _____ 12-30m/sec sharp, stabbing, short duration _____ _____ .5-2m/sec dull ache, throbbing long duration _____ _____ arises from skin, connective tissue, muscles Superficial Deep _____ _____ arises from internal organs and is due to _____ (stretch), ______ ________ and _________. Causes feelings of poorly localized pain and nausea. BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology The Senses: Pain Referred pain: interpreted as coming from a source other than actual source Sensory neurons from viscera and skin share interneurons and brain interprets as coming from skin Ex. Myocardial infarction (MI) is often felt as pain radiating down left arm. Important reference for diagnosing internal organ dysfunction. BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology The Senses: Pain Pain pathways: 1st order neurons (nociceptors) 2nd order neurons (projection) 3rd order neurons Anesthesia and pain control: Local anesthesia – (ex. novacaine) decreased Na+ permeability General anesthesia – (ex. Ether, Nitrous oxide) cross bloodbrain barrier, make plasma membrane more permeable to K+ Neuromodulators – (ex. Morphine, endorphins) affect synaptic properties of pain neurons BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology The Special Senses: Olfaction ( ) Olfaction occurs _____ ___________________ _________ on patch of specialized _________. Axons ascend through ______ ______ (in w/c bone?) to _________ _______. Can detect ~_____ distinct smells, derived 1) __________ 3) __________ from a number of “primary odors” 7-50 5) __________ 7) __________ 2) __________ 4) __________ 6) __________ BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology The Special Senses: Olfaction ( Olfactory neurons ___________________ __________________. Like taste must be ___ _____________. Epithelium and neurons are replaced ~ ______. This is unusual for neurons. ) BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology The Special Senses: Gustation ( Oral chemoreceptors that detect chemicals which are __ ________ (saliva) are ____ _____. ) Taste buds are comprised of specialized ________ ____ that Associated mainly with ________. synapse with Also on lips etc. _______. BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology The Senses: Gustation ( ) Types of papillae: ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ (most numerous but NO taste buds here. Foliate papillae BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology The Senses: Gustation (taste) Taste buds can detect _____ basic tastes: ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ Taste buds are “specialized” to be more sensitive to specific taste. Taste map BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology The Senses: Gustation (taste) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)