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The Human Body - An Orientation
Part 1
Most of us have a natural curiosity about our bodies, and the study of anatomy and
physiology elaborate on this interest. Anatomists have developed a universally acceptable set of
reference terms that allows body structures to be located and identified with a high degree of
clarity. Initially, you might have difficulties with the language used to describe anatomy and
physiology, but, without such a special vocabulary, confusion is inevitable.
An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
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1. Define Anatomy: Skÿxÿ dÿ a¢ÿ 5-k¢'ÿkt..'y.ÿ ÿ ÿ' (ÿ'ÿ ÿ,.ÿ'ÿOAÿ
*Contrast briefly gross anatomy versus microscopic an4tomy: ÿ5.55 -
2. Define Physiology: %ÿoÿ ÿ" ÿ ÿrb,-ÿXOOCÿ 0ÿ ÿ,,2k% ÿx
*ContrastÿLKk.Xÿ- briefly 0,, .ÿkÿ, .ÿ% neurophysiology aCX0,K versus ÿ€-Kÿ cardiac 15ÿ ph_ysiology: ÿ XML,ÿtXLg'bk2ÿ ÿ.ÿ.ÿdLÿa,
3. Place a P beside all the terms or phrases that correctly relate to the study of physiology;
place an A to identify those terms or phrases that pertain to anatomical studies.
JÿKA.
Measuring an organ's size, shape, and weight
Can be studied in dead specimens
__R_C. Often studied in living subjects
Chemistry principles
9 E. Measuring the acid content of the stomach
F. Principles of physics
9 G. Observing a heart in action
9 H. Dynamic
____ÿD.
____ÿI. Dissection
J--ÿK Experimentation
• Observation
L. Directional terms
M. Static
4. "Function always follows structure." Explain this statement ÿ,ÿk.ÿ ÿ ÿxlKÿ ÿ,
Levels of Structural Organization
5. The structures 0fthe body are organized in successively larger and more complex
structures. Fill in the answer blanks with the correct terms for these increasingly larger
structures.
Chemicals(atoms)-)
Nÿ Cÿ.IIÿ.ÿ
"-)
[.ÿ,\\ÿ
ÿX'ÿIr'X
--)
'ÿ[ÿ
--)
" ÿ7ÿ --) Organism
L2ÿ2, ÿ,
6. Using the key choices, identify the organ systems to which the following organs or
functions belong. Some (*) will be used twice.
a. *Cardiovascular
b. Digestive
c. *Endocrine
k.. 1.
2.
d. Immune
g. Muscular
e. *Integumentary
h. Nervous
f. Lymphatic
i. Reproductive
j. Respiratory
k. Skeleta!
1. *Urinary
Rids the body of nitrogen
Is affected by the removal of the thyroid gland
V',3. Provides support and leers on which the muscular system can act
IN4. Includes the heart
5.
Protects underlying organs from drying out and mechanical damage
Protects the body, destroys bacteria and tumor cells (There are two possible answers.)
Breaks down foodstuffs into small particles that can be absorbed
Removes carbon dioxide from the blood
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues
1.
Moves the limbs; allows facial expression
Conserves body water or eliminates excesses
Allows conception and childbearing
__C_13. Controls the body with chemicals called hormones
_KA4. Is damaged when you cut your finger or get a severe sunburn
_'r_ lz
15. Fight disease (There are two possible answers.)
16. Master controlling and communicating system of the body
7. Using the key choices from the above Exercise, choose the organ system to which each of
the following sets of organs belongs.
1. Blood vessels, heart
2. Pancreas, pituitary, adrenal glands
t... 3. Kidneys, bladder, ureters
4. Testis, vas deferens, urethra
5. Esophagus, large intestine, rectum
V,, 6. Breastbone, vertebral column, skull
7. Brain, nerves, sensory receptors
Maintenance of Life
8. Match the terms pertaining to functional characteristics of organisms. (*) is used twice.
a. Digestion
e. Metabolism
b. Excretion
f. Movement
c. Growth
g. Responsiveness
d. *Maintenance of boundaries h. Reproduction
lÿ) 1. Keeps the body's internal environment distinct from the external environment.
1:ÿ2. Provides new cells for growth and repair.
C, 3. Occurs when constructive activities occur at a faster rate than destructive activities.
___ÿ4.
The tuna sandwich you have just eaten is broken down to its chemical building
blocks.
35. Elimination of carbon dioxide by the lungs and elimination of nitrogenous wastes
by the kidneys.
Ability to react to stimuli; a major role of the nervous system
7. Walking, throwing a ball, riding a bicycle
17,8. All chemical reactions occurring in the body.
9.
At the cellular level, membranes; for the whole organism, the skin
9. Using the key choices, correctly identify the survival needs that correspond to the
following description. (*) is used twice.
a. Appropriate body temperature
c. Nutrients
e. *Water
b. Atmospheric pressure
d. Oxygen
C. 1. Includes carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and minerals
2. Essential for normal operation of the respiratory system and breathing
3. Single substance accounting for over 60 percent of body weight
____ÿ4. Required for the release of energy from food stuffs
_ÿ56: Provides the basis for body fluids of all types
When too high or too low, physiological activities cease, primarily because
molecules are destroyed or become nonfunctional
Homeostasis
10. Define homeostasis. ÿk ÿkÿ(ÿ,, ÿ ÿ.ÿ Q,,lÿk,ÿ011"ÿk.ÿ,!ÿ{ ÿ _
• 11. Refer to Figure 1.4 - Communication between the receptor, control center, and effector is
essential for normal operation of the system.
a. What produces a change in the variable? %'ÿQÿNkkÿkk.ÿ
b. This change is detected by? ÿNÿ,ÿ,JIÿ'ÿ0N"
c. Explainj'input" and "output" as it relates to the control center.
d..Effector infl.uences the stimulus and returns the%arlable to
ÿ ,ÿILÿ
tXttÿO,..
12. Explain the difference between negative and positive feedback mechanisms.