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Transcript
Information Processing in Motor Learning Chapter 17 Sport Books Publisher 1 Outline Structure and function of the nervous system Information processing and making decisions Feedback in movement control Factors affecting information processing Sport Books Publisher 2 Structure and Function of the Nervous System Sport Books Publisher 3 CNS Control center PNS Connects CNS with the rest of the body Sport Books Publisher 4 The Neuron and Its Function Sport Books Publisher 5 Neuron Nerve cell The fundamental functional and structural unit of the nervous system Allows information to travel throughout the body to various destinations Sport Books Publisher 6 Receptive Segment Cell Body Dendrites: receive message Myelin sheath Conductive Segment Axon: Nodes of Ranvier Transmissive Segment transmits message to terminal ending Terminal ending on muscle: sends off message to adjacent neuron Sport Books Publisher Motor end plate 7 Myelin sheath: fatty covering or insulator Skipping of the impulse allowing faster conduction Sport Books Publisher 8 Types of Neurons Afferent neurons Sensory Carry signals to the brain Interneurons Originate and terminate in CNS Connect afferents and efferents in CNS CNS tissue cross-section Efferent neurons Motor Carry signals from the brain Sport Books Publisher 9 Types of Neurons cont. Sport Books Publisher 10 The Neuron’s Function Receptive Receptive segment (dendrites) – Receives continuous synaptic input (chemical) from other neurons Conductive segment (axon) – Conduction of neural information in the form of nerve impulse (electrical) Conductive Transmissive segment (axon terminals) – Converts electrical nerve impulse to chemical form (neurotransmitter) and sends it off to synapse Transmissive Sport Books Publisher 11 Neural Impulses Transport the information necessary for all activities we carry out The language of the nervous system Relay of impulse within neuron: Rest: polarization Membrane potential = -70 mV Stimulus: depolarization Rest: polarization (mV) +50 Action Potential +40 mV 0 -50 Resting Potential -100 Stimulus Sport Books Publisher 12 The Synapse and Synaptic Transmission SYNAPSE SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION OO O O O O . : :.. …. …… …..:: : . : .:.;. . . O O O O •Differ in terms of : •Neurotransmitter used (e.g., acetylcholine or Ach) •General function (e.g., inhibitory vs.excitatory) NEUROTRANSMITTER Sport Books Publisher 13 The Synapse and Synaptic Transmission “All-or-none” law – Synaptic transmission causes action potential when its strength is above a minimum threshold level – Below threshold level = NO action potential – Action potential is always the same intensity regardless of the strength of synaptic transmission above the threshold level – Action potential intensity remains constant along the nerve fibre Sport Books Publisher 14 STIMULUS Indication of Strength of stimulus Refractory Period Absolute Relative Sport Books Publisher 15 Information Processing and Making Decisions Sport Books Publisher 16 Input The Human Output Sport Books Publisher 17 Information-Processing Stages Sport Books Publisher 18 Stimulus-Identification Stage •Sensing environmental information •Exteroceptors •Proprioceptors •Representation of stimulus and its nature Sport Books Publisher 19 Response-Selection Stage •Translation from perception to a response in the form of a motor program MP 00333 MP 13498 MP 04567 MP 09564 Sport Books Publisher 20 Response-Programming Stage •Organizing the selected movement •Retrieve motor program •Command correct muscles •Choose appropriate force •Choose appropriate timing, etc. Sport Books Publisher 21 Feedback in Movement Control Sport Books Publisher 22 As we execute movements, the receptors in our bodies continually update the CNS about the nature of our actions The efficiency of motor control by the information-processing system depends on feedback Sport Books Publisher 23 Central Processing System Functions Sensory Receptors •Ears •Eyes •Proprioceptors Coaching Instructions •Watch the opponent •Feel the ball •Keep balanced •Listen to teammates •Vestibular system •Etc. •Perception •Decision making Effector System •Data storage and coding •Biceps •Transition to motor program •Abdominals Exteroceptive Feedback •Quadriceps •Latissimus dorsi Output •Pivot •Dribble •Jump •Error information •Shot •Pass •Motivate •Reinforce Sport Books Publisher 24 Closed-Loop Control Sport Books Publisher 25 Follows the idea that movements may be planned and adjusted by feedback even during a movement This general closed-loop control process is self-regulating and will continue to maintain the desired movement of the performer Key elements: – Feedback – Error detection – Error correction Analogy: thermostat Sport Books Publisher 26 Input Error Senses CNS Executive The stages of information processing PNS Effector The motor program and motor system Perception Comparator Stimulus (Reference Identification system) Correction Response Selection and Programming Response Execution Motor Program Proprioceptive Feedback Muscles Exteroceptive Feedback Output Environment Sport Books Publisher 27 Advantages of the Closed-Loop System New skills Activities requiring precision and accuracy Allows adjustment according to the situation Adds versatility to movements Sport Books Publisher 28 Disadvantages of the Closed-Loop System Rapid, discrete actions do not properly fall under closed-loop control Demands attention and time – Feedback must pass through the processing stage Sport Books Publisher 29 Open-Loop Control Sport Books Publisher 30 Describes control of automatic actions Motor program defines the details of skilled action before the movement begins and without the influence of peripheral feedback Movements may be structured in advance, enabling them to run off automatically when initiated Two main components: – The executive – The effector Sport Books Publisher 31 STIMULUS EXECUTIVE •Chooses motor program •Relays instruction EFFECTOR •Carries out specific instructions automatically No Feedback Sport Books Publisher 32 Advantages of the Open-Loop System Fast and forceful movements can be produced without extensive conscious control Attention can de diverted to other responses Does not demand as much time because there is no feedback Sport Books Publisher 33 Disadvantages of the Open-Loop System Not as effective in unstable and less predictable situations – Movements may not be determined effectively in advance Not effective in precise and complex actions Sport Books Publisher 34 Factors Affecting Information Processing Sport Books Publisher 35 Sensory Receptors Relay Sensory Input Quality Arousal and Psychological Readiness Information Processing Capacity to Concentrate Reaction Time Ability to Anticipate Sport Books Publisher 36