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1 of 8 © Boardworks Ltd 2015 What is DNA? Chromosomes and their genes are made of a molecule called DNA. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. Each chromosome is a very long molecule of tightly coiled DNA. DNA molecules carry the code that controls what cells are made of and what they do. Which part of a DNA molecule holds this information? 2 of 8 © Boardworks Ltd 2015 The structure of DNA 3 of 8 © Boardworks Ltd 2015 DNA and base pairs The double helix ‘ladder’ of a DNA molecule is held together by ‘rungs’ made from pairs of chemicals called bases. There are four types of bases, and they are usually identified by their initials. A adenine C cytosine G guanine T thymine How do you think the four bases are paired? 4 of 8 © Boardworks Ltd 2015 How do bases pair together? Base pairs hold the two strands of the DNA helix together. The rules for base pairing are… ‘A’ always pairs with ‘T’ A T ‘C’ always pairs with ‘G’ C G There are millions of base pairs in a DNA molecule, and they always follow these rules. It is the sequence of these bases along a DNA molecule that forms the genetic code – it’s that simple! 5 of 8 © Boardworks Ltd 2015 What are proteins? Proteins are made of long chains of amino acids. There are 20 different types of amino acid from which to make proteins. protein molecule 1 amino acids What happens if the amino acids are in a different order? protein molecule 2 Different combinations of amino acids make different proteins. 6 of 8 © Boardworks Ltd 2015 Making proteins Genes don’t actually make proteins – they just contain the instructions on how to make them. bases amino acid DNA stays in the nucleus but proteins are built in the cell’s cytoplasm. Each gene contains a different sequence of bases. 7 of 8 © Boardworks Ltd 2015 Genetic jargon 8 of 8 © Boardworks Ltd 2015